kore-20221231

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_____________________________

FORM 10-K

_____________________________

(Mark One)


x			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022


o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 001-40856

_____________________________

KORE Group Holdings, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

_____________________________


Delaware			86-3078783
(State incorporation)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3 Ravinia Dr , Suite 500 Atlanta, GA			30346
(Address of principal executive office)			(Zip code)

877-710-5673

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

_____________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading
Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange
on which registered

Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share

KORE

The New York Stock Exchange

Warrants to purchase common stock

KORE WS

The New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None.

_____________________________

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	o	Accelerated filer	x

Non-accelerated filer	o	Smaller reporting company	x

		Emerging growth company	x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial

statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period

pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2022 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter) was $109 million based upon $3.07 per share, the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on that date on the New York Stock Exchange. Determination of stock ownership by non-affiliates was made solely for the purpose of responding to this requirement and the registrant is not bound by this determination for any other purpose. As of April 5, 2023, there were 76,538,821 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III incorporates information by reference to the registrant’s definitive proxy statement, to be filed with the Securities

and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

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		Page
PART I.		6

ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	16

ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	16

ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	30

ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	30

ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	30

ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	30

PART II.		31

ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	31

ITEM 6.	SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA	31

ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	31

ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	44

ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	45

ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	131

ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	131

ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	133

ITEM 9C.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS	134

PART III.		135

ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	135

ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	135

ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	135

ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	135

ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	135

PART IV.		136

ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	136

ITEM 16.	FORM 10-K SUMMARY	138

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless as the context requires otherwise, as used herein, references to “KORE,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our,” and similar references refer collectively to KORE Group Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to:

• “ASU” are to Accounting Standards Update;

•“Backstop Agreement” are to that certain backstop agreement dated July 27, 2021 between KORE Wireless Group, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of KORE, and Drawbridge Special Opportunities Fund LP, an affiliate of Fortress Credit Corp., in connection with the Backstop Financing, as amended November 15, 2021;

•“Backstop Financing” are to the backstop financing to be provided by an affiliate of Fortress Credit Corp. pursuant to the Backstop Agreement and the Commitment Letter;

•“Backstop Notes” are to the senior unsecured convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $120,000,000 issued by KORE Wireless Group, Inc. pursuant to the Backstop Financing and the Commitment Letter;

•“ Base Exchange Rate” are to the $12.50 per share that is exchangeable for a Note into a Common Stock by us at any time at the option of Fortress.;

•“ Board” are to the board of directors of KORE Group Holdings, Inc.;

•“BMP” Acquisition” is the acquisition of 100% of the outstanding share capital of Business Mobility Partners, Inc. (“BMP”) and Simon IoT LLC (“Simon IoT”);

•“Business Combination” The acquisition of the net assets of Cerberus Telecom Acquisition Corporation ("CTAC") by pre-combination KORE, which was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization;

•“CaaS” are to Connectivity-as-a-Service;

•“CEaaS” are to Connectivity Enablement-as-a-Service;

•“ CECL” are to current expected credit loss;

•“CHTS” is Connected Health Telemetry Solution;

•“Closing” are to the consummation of the Transactions;

•“ Closing Date” are to September 30, 2021;

•“Code” are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended;

•“ Company” are to KORE Group Holdings, Inc.;

•“CODM” are to the chief operating decision maker;

•“Commitment Letter” are to that certain commitment letter dated as of September 21, 2021, and countersigned on October 1, 2021, by and among an affiliate of Fortress Credit Corp., KORE, Corp Merger Sub and LLC Merger Sub;

•“Corp Merger Sub” are to King Corp Merger Sub, Inc.;

•“COVID-19” are to SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19, any evolution or variations existing as of or following the date of the Merger Agreement, or any epidemics, pandemics or disease outbreaks;

•“FDA” are to U.S. Food and Drug Administration;

•“EGC” are to emerging growth company;

•“eCOA” is Electronic Clinical Outcome Assessment;

•“eSIM” or embedded subscriber identity module, is a form of programmable SIM. It provides the capability to store multiple network profiles that can be provisioned and managed over-the-air;

•“eUICC” or embedded universal integrated circuit card is a form of programmable SIM card, often referred to as eSIM. It provides the capability to store multiple network profiles that can be provisioned and managed over-the-air;

•“ePRO” is Electronic Patient Reported Outcome;

•“Exchange Act” is the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended;

• “FASB” are to Financial Accounting Standards Board;

•“FIFO” are to first-in, first-out method;

•“Fortress” are to the affiliates of Fortress Credit Corp.;

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•“GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States;

•“GNSS Receiver” are to a global navigation satellite system receiver which is integral to an electronic device that receives and digitally processes the signals from a navigation satellite constellation in order to allow the functioning of GPS systems and other location based devices;

•“HIPAA” are to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act;

•“Incentive Plan” are to the KORE 2021 Long-Term Stock Incentive Plan;

•“IoT” are to Internet of Things;

•“IIoT” are to Industrial IoT;

•“KORE Common Stock” are to the shares of common stock of KORE, par value $0.0001 per share;

•“KORE Warrants” are to the sale of Series B preferred stock, pre-combination KORE issued warrants for the purchase of common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per warrant;

•“KORE Wireless” are to KORE Wireless, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned and principal operating subsidiary of KORE;

•“LLC Merger Sub” are to King LLC Merger Sub, LLC;

•“Lock-Up Shares” are to KORE stockholders party thereto are contractually restricted from selling or transferring any of their shares of our Company’s common stock;

•“LTE” Long-Term Evolution is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA standards;

•“Maple” are to Maple Holdings Inc.;

•“Merger Agreement” are to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 12, 2021, as amended on July 27, 2021 and September 21, 2021, by and among CTAC, KORE, Corp Merger Sub, LLC Merger Sub and Maple Holdings Inc.;

•“Mergers” are to the First Merger and Second Merger, collectively;

•“MRCs” are to monthly recurring charges;

•“MODGo” is KORE branded SaaS platform solution to manage, order and deploy devices on the go;

•“NYSE” is to the New York Stock Exchange;

•“mPERS” are to mobile Personal Emergency Response System;

•“PCAOB” are to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;

•“multi-IMSI” is multi- International Mobile Subscriber Identity;

•“OEMs” are to original equipment manufacturers;

•“OmniSIM” is eSIM /eUICC solution branded by KORE as it a unique solution which offers a combination of KORE and local profiles on a single eSIM.Omni Reach and Omni Rush are two different variations of the OmniSIM solution;

•“PIPE” are to Private Investment in Public Equity;

•“RSUs” are to Restricted Stock Unit Awards;

•“PIPE Investment” are to the private placement pursuant to which CTAC entered into subscription agreements (containing commitments to funding that are subject only to conditions that generally align with the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement) with certain investors whereby such investors agreed to purchase an aggregate of 22,500,000 shares of KORE Common Stock at a purchase price of $10.00 per share for an aggregate commitment of $225,000,000;

•“PIPE Investors” are to the investors participating in the PIPE Investment;

•“SaaS” are to software-as-a-service;

•“SEC” are to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission;

•“Simon IoT” are to Simon IoT LLC;

•“Sponsor” are to Cerberus Telecom Acquisition Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company;

•“Subscription Agreements” are to the subscription agreements entered into by and between CTAC and the PIPE Investors, in each case, dated as of March 12, 2021 in connection with the PIPE Investment;

•“Transactions” are to, collectively, the Business Combination and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the other related transaction agreements; and

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•“Warrant Agreement” are to a certain warrant agreement entered into by and between CTAC and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, dated as of October 26, 2021.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements express our opinions, expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions, forecasts or projections regarding future events or future results and therefore are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking statements.” These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “seeks,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will” or “should” or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts.

The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are only current expectations and predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the important factors discussed in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and achievements may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Forward-looking statements may include, for example, statements about:

•our ability to develop and introduce new products and services successfully;

•our ability to compete in the market in which we operate;

•our ability to meet the price and performance standards of the evolving 5G New Radio products and technologies;

•our ability to expand our customer reach/reduce customer concentration;

•our ability to grow the IoT and mobile portfolio outside of North America;

•our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our indebtedness;

•our ability to introduce and sell new products that comply with current and evolving industry standards and government regulations;

•our ability to develop and maintain strategic relationships to expand into new markets;

•our ability to properly manage the growth of our business to avoid significant strains on our management and operations and disruptions to our business;

•our reliance on third parties to manufacture components of our solutions;

•our ability to accurately forecast customer demand and timely delivery of sufficient product quantities;

•our reliance on sole source suppliers for some products, services and devices used in our solutions;

•the continuing impact of uncertain global economic conditions on the demand for our products;

•the impact of geopolitical instability on our business;

•the emergence of global public health emergencies, such as the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, now known as “COVID-19,” which could extend lead times in our supply chain and lengthen sales cycles with our customers;

•direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 on our employees, customers and supply chain and the economy and financial markets;

•the impact that new or adjusted tariffs may have on the costs of components or our products, and our ability to sell products internationally;

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•our ability to be cost competitive while meeting time-to-market requirements for our customers;

•our ability to meet the product performance needs of our customers in wireless broadband data access markets;

•demand for software-as-a-service telematics solutions;

•our dependence on wireless telecommunication operators delivering acceptable wireless services;

•the outcome of any pending or future litigation, including intellectual property litigation;

•infringement claims with respect to intellectual property contained in our solutions;

•our continued ability to license necessary third-party technology for the development and sale of our solutions;

•the introduction of new products that could contain errors or defects;

•conducting business abroad, including foreign currency risks;

•the pace of 5G wireless network rollouts globally and their adoption by customers;

•our ability to make focused investments in research and development;

•our ability to identify suitable acquisition candidates or to successfully integrate and realize the benefits of our past or future strategic acquisitions or investments;

•our ability to hire, retain and manage additional qualified personnel to maintain and expand our business; and

•our ability to maintain adequate liquidity to meet our financial needs and/or raise financing in the future.

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SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section entitled “Risk Factors” immediately following this summary, which represent challenges that we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy and the growth of our business. In particular, the following considerations, among others, may offset our competitive strengths or have a negative effect on our business strategy, which could cause a decline in the price of shares of our common stock or warrants and result in a loss of all or a portion of your investment:

•Risks related to the Revision, including, without limitation, potential inquiries from the SEC and/or the New York Stock Exchange Capital Markets, the potential adverse effect on the price of our common stock, and possible claims by our stockholders or otherwise;

•The 5G market may take longer to materialize than we expect or, if it does materialize rapidly, we may not be able to meet the development schedule and other customer demands;

•Our development and investments in new technologies, may not generate operating income or contribute to future results of operations that meet our expectations;

•If we are unable to support customers with low latency and/or high throughput IoT use cases, our revenue growth and profitability will be harmed;

•If we are unable to effectively manage our increasingly diverse and complex businesses and operations, our ability to generate growth and revenue from new or existing customers may be adversely affected;

•The loss of our largest customers, particularly our single largest customer, could significantly impact our revenue and profitability;

•Our products are highly technical and may contain undetected errors, product defects, security vulnerabilities, or software errors;

•If there are interruptions or performance problems associated with the network infrastructure used to provide our services, our customers may experience service outages, which may impact our reputation and future sales;

•Our inability to adapt to rapid technological change in our markets could impair our ability to remain competitive and adversely affect our results of operations;

•The market for the products and services that we offer is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We may be unable to compete effectively;

•If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, our competitive position and business could be harmed;

•Failure to maintain the security of our information and technology networks, including information relating to its customers and employees, could adversely affect us;

•Our internal and customer-facing systems, and systems of third parties they rely upon, may be subject to cybersecurity breaches, disruptions, or delays;

•We are subject to evolving privacy laws that are subject to potentially differing interpretations in the United States as well as other jurisdictions that can adversely impact our business and require that we incur substantial costs;

•Our technology contains third-party open-source software components and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open-source software licenses could restrict our ability to provide our platform;

•We faces risks inherent in conducting business internationally, including compliance with international as well as U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations;

•We may be subject to legal proceedings and litigation, including intellectual property and privacy disputes, which are costly to defend and could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations;

•We may be affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

•Our management has identified internal control deficiencies that have resulted in material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures;

•Our future capital needs are uncertain, and we may need to raise additional funds in the future, but may not be able to raise such additional funds on acceptable terms or at all; and

•We have a history of losses and may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

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PART I.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

We offer IoT services and solutions. We are one of the largest global independent IoT enablers, delivering critical services to customers globally to deploy, manage and scale their IoT application and use cases. We provide advanced connectivity services, location-based services, device solutions, managed and professional services used in the development and support of IoT solutions and applications. Our IoT platform is delivered in partnership with the world’s largest mobile network operators and provides secure, reliable wireless connectivity to mobile and fixed devices. This technology enables us to expand our global technology platform by transferring capabilities across the new and existing vertical markets and to deliver complimentary products to channel partners and resellers worldwide. We began operations in 2003. A predecessor entity, of KORE, Maple Holdings Inc., was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on July 29, 2014. After the Closing, Maple Holdings Inc. ceased to exist as a separate legal entity.

We have operating subsidiaries located in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Ireland, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.

We are one of the largest global enablers of IoT, providing Connectivity and IoT Solutions to enterprise customers across five key industry verticals, comprised of (i) Connected Health, (ii) Fleet Management, (iii) Asset Monitoring, (iv) Retail, Communications Services and (v) Industrial IoT.

On February 16, 2022, we acquired Business Mobility Partners, Inc. and Simon IoT LLC which are industry-leading mobile service providers to expand the company's services and solutions within the healthcare and life sciences industries.

We have built a business at scale with revenue, net loss and adjusted EBITDA as shown in the table below:



(In thousands, USD)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Revenue	$	268,447	$	248,435
Net loss	(106,200)		(24,776)
Adjusted EBITDA	62,835		60,929

Already a large market, IoT shows the promise and potential to be a significant technological revolution. IoT adoptions often result in significant productivity increases while creating entirely new business models in many cases, and we believe that IoT has the ability to have a significant impact worldwide. We enable this IoT adoption and are at the center of this revolution.

Diverse, Blue-chip Customer Base

We enable mission-critical IoT applications for enterprise and solution provider customers across approximately 15.0 million and 14.6 million devices as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We provided connectivity to over 3,600 customers for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Examples of how our customers use our products and services across our five key verticals are illustrated below:

•Connected Health: IoT enablement of medical device therapies, telehealth, chronic disease management, remote patient monitoring, IoT-enabled clinical drug trials, ePRO / eCOA, biometric sensor data capture, mPERS connected emergency devices, connected medical equipment diagnostics, electronic visit verification, etc.

•Fleet Management: Stolen vehicle recovery location tracking, connected cameras for tracking vehicle driving conditions and driver behavior, connected route optimization, fuel consumption optimization, connected preventive maintenance, usage-based insurance, connected cars.

•Asset Monitoring: Home/business security sensor and camera solutions, offender tracking through ankle bracelets, tank monitoring, supply chain inventory and asset tracking, fuel pipeline flow monitoring.

•Retail/Communication Services: IoT and consumer service providers, carrier IoT business units, enterprise connectivity / failsafe, private networking—We may provide CEaaS for some of these customers.

•Industrial IoT: Smart utilities / meters, smart cities / buildings, smart factories, field service automation, manufacturers of smart or connected products with actionable insights into industrial operations within manufacturing and OEMs.

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Across the above-mentioned use cases and others, IoT is already a large and fast-growing industry comprised of IoT hardware, software, connectivity and services.

We enable mission-critical applications for over 3,600 customers comprising over 15.0 million devices. We are a leader in enabling end-to-end IoT solutions for enterprises across high growth end markets including Connected Health, Industrial IoT, Fleet Management and Remote Asset Monitoring. We serve an expansive group of some of the largest blue-chip enterprises with low customer concentration (approximately 300 customers comprising approximately 90% and 89% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively).

Our customers operate in a wide variety of sectors, including healthcare, fleet and vehicle management, asset management, communication services and industrial/manufacturing. Our largest customer, comprising approximately 11% and 21% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is a large multinational medical device and health care company.

We have a B2B (business to business) model where any given customer may have hundreds, or thousands of devices deployed in the field. The structure of our relationships with its connectivity customers is “sticky,” meaning that any exit by a connectivity customer from our platform generally will take place over an extended period of time.

The difficulty in determining if a customer is moving away from KORE is compounded by the fact that the number of total connections that we have with any particular customer can increase or decrease over time depending on a variety of factors, including pricing, customer satisfaction and fit with a particular customer product. In some cases, customers may choose to allocate a portion of their business to other service providers alongside KORE. This allocation can change from period to period. As a result, a decline in total connections by a customer is not necessarily an indicator that the customer has decided to move away from KORE. Customers often keep their volume allocation decisions confidential in order to prevent us from making commercial adjustments (such as price increases). We have developed a reliable framework for identifying early signs of potential customer churn and deploying preventative measures to ensure retention.

Key Partners

Our strong customer and partner relationships provide us with the opportunity to expand our market reach and sales. We partner with leading cellular providers to enable our CaaS business. Our IoT ecosystem partners include enterprise-level IoT software providers as application platform partners, top of the line commercial hardware manufacturers as hardware OEM partners, well-known electronics solutions providers as semi-conductor and module OEM partners, globally recognized cloud platforms as cloud providers as well as multinational system integrators as systems integration services partners. These partnerships allow us to provide IoT Solutions to our customers.

Market Opportunity

Key highlights of our market and business opportunities include:

Large and Growing IoT Market. The IoT market is rapidly expanding and we aim to capitalize on this momentum. The addressable IoT market is anticipated by industry analysts to grow from $382 billion, with 12 billion IoT devices in 2020, to $906 billion with 25 billion IoT devices by 2025. The addressable IoT market is projected by industry analysts to be $7 trillion by 2030 with 75 billion IoT

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devices and an accelerated growth of 50.5% CAGR. In addition to the proliferation of IoT endpoints, the adoption of 5G connectivity and enterprise digital transformation are major drivers for the growth of the IoT market.

Full stack product suite. Our mission is clear, to simplify the complexities of IoT and help clients deploy, manage, and scale their mission critical IoT Solutions. We have built a platform that allows us to be a trusted advisor to its clients in serving them in three areas CaaS, IoT Managed Services/Solutions, and Analytics, which we refer to as “CSA,” or connectivity, solutions, and analytics. We offer a

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one-stop shop for enterprise customers seeking to obtain multiple IoT services and solutions from a single provider. Our product scope is as described below:

Product line

Products

Product description

Primary pricing method

IoT Connectivity

66% and 68% of full

year 2022 and 2021

revenue, respectively

IoT
Connectivity as
a Service
(CaaS)

•IoT Connectivity services offered through our market leading IoT platform ‘KORE One’™

•Our connectivity solutions allow devices to seamlessly and securely connect anywhere in the world across any connected network, which we call our multiple devices, multiple locations, multiple carriers CaaS multi-value proposition

Per subscriber per month for lifetime of device (7-10 years and growing) Multi-year contracts with automatic renewals

IoT
Connectivity
Enablement
as a Service
(CEaaS)

• IoT Connectivity Management Platform as a Service (or individual KORE One engine)

• Cellular Core Network as a Service (Cloud Native Evolved Packet Core “EPC”)

IoT Solutions

34% and 32% of full

year 2022 and 2021 revenue, respectively

IoT Device
Management
Services

• Outsourced platform-enabled services (e.g., logistics, configuration, device management)

•Sourcing of third-party devices globally, device design and selection services

Upfront fee per device or per device per month

IoT Security
Location
Based
Services
(LBS)

•KORE’s SecurityPro® SaaS platform

• KORE’s PositionLogic® SaaS platform and LBS APIs

Per subscriber per month

IoT Connectivity

IoT Connectivity services represent 66% and 68% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Our heritage is in delivering IoT Connectivity services, particularly cellular connectivity, which is needed in a large number of IoT use cases. Managing cellular connectivity for IoT devices is complex. Companies deploying IoT devices often do so in multiple countries and continents. Even within an individual country, it is often the case that no single carrier offers 100% network coverage or coverage across all cellular technologies. Among other IoT deployment complexities, this lack of a single carrier across territories often necessitates negotiating, establishing and maintaining a large number of cellular carrier contracts. On a day-to-day level this requires potentially accessing a large number of cellular carrier portals in order to provision, de-provision, maintain, change rate plans for, change states for, and perform other transactions for SIMs deployed in IoT devices. A company deploying IoT would also expect to get multiple cellular carrier bills every month, and to work with multiple customer support organizations when something goes wrong. This complexity is very hard to manage at scale, especially since it is only a part of the complexity of the overall IoT deployment. Our connectivity services

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simplify this complexity and provide a single connectivity relationship managed through a single source with our KORE One platform which is purpose built for IoT. On the back-end, we leverage 46 carrier integrations with our cellular carrier partners.

KORE IoT Connectivity Services Coverage

We also believe that eSIMs and eUICC technology have significant potential for IoT providers and for KORE in particular. eSIM and eUICC technology are new standards for remote SIM provisioning defined by the Global System for Mobile Communications Association (“GSMA”), the organization that supports and defines cellular standards. The transition from the current standard, where a SIM is “locked in” to a specific cellular carrier, to an “unlocked” eSIM model with eUICC technology that allows a company deploying IoT to switch cellular carriers at the push of a button, “over the air,” without the need to physically change SIM cards, will allow a provider in our position to offer a single eSIM that works across multiple cellular carriers. This evolution will provide our customers with the ability to easily switch cellular carriers, without the need for expensive and labor-intensive physical SIM replacements.

Within IoT Connectivity services, we offers CaaS and CEaaS.

CaaS is cellular connectivity via our IoT platform ‘KORE One’™ and it is offered to enterprise customers such as large medical device manufacturers, or to IoT software and solutions providers such as fleet tracking companies who may bundle connectivity with their own software and solutions. Fees for CaaS services generally consist of a monthly subscription fee for each connection, and additional data usage fees. Connectivity services also include charges for each SIM sold to a customer and other miscellaneous charges.

CEaaS is provided to communication service providers (such as MVNOs, and telecom carriers), device OEMs or other providers who wish to provide IoT cellular services to the market. The infrastructure software and services offered to such providers are cellular Core Network as a Service ((including Cloud Native Evolved Packet Core “EPC”), or “CNaaS”), Connectivity Management Platform as a Service (“CMPaaS”) and Private Networking as a Service (“PNaaS”). Fees for CEaaS generally consist of a monthly subscription fee and other miscellaneous charges.

We have launched OmniSIMTM suite, which includes a multi-IMSI eUICC eSIM and a true eSIM – OmniSIM Reach and OmniSIM Rush. We have been successful in drawing in new customers and equipping existing customers with this future-proofed, global, and GSMA compliant eSIM, which will be a key technology in the decade of IoT. Powered by eSIM and multi-IMSI technology, OmniSIM provides global resilient connectivity with zero-touch provisioning. Now you can leverage connectivity that provides true out-of-the-box, global coverage that ensures it’s always on the right network for the required service needs.

•OmniSIM Reach: OmniSIM Reach is an award-winning solution powered by centralized multi-IMSI technology that truly covers the globe with access to 600 mobile networks in 198 countries.

•OmniSIM Rush: OmniSIM Rush is a cost-effective solution designed with performance and flexibility in mind. Rush delivers for those IoT use cases that require higher data (100MB/month upwards) usage plans in Europe and the United States.

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IoT Solutions and Analytics

IoT Solutions represented approximately 34% and 32% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Successful deployment of IoT is extremely complex. Some of the significant challenges in IoT deployment include:

Top challenges in IoT deployments

To simplify IoT deployment complexity, we offer a comprehensive portfolio of IoT Solutions capabilities, including:

•IoT Device Management Services: outsourced platform enabled services (logistics, configuration, device management). Among other logistics services, we offer access to a global supply chain and a global supply base at competitive prices which may include custom device design and manufacture;

•Location Based Services: our SaaS cloud-based APIs (Position Logic®) platform for location and asset tracking; and

•IoT Security (SecurityPro®): our SaaS platform for deep-network behavior-mining IoT device security.

We are experienced in providing industry-specific solutions and increasingly with pre-configured industry solutions with a focus on areas such as regulatory and medical device compliance. We offer a one-stop shop for our customers with the capability to deliver large-scale solutions for enterprise customers.

Fees charged for device management services include the cost of the underlying IoT device and the cost of deploying and managing such devices and are usually charged on a fee per deployed IoT device basis, with the ultimate amount of such fee depending on the scope of the underlying services and the IoT device being deployed. Location-based software services and IoT security software services are charged on a per subscriber basis.

Partner Ecosystem

We are a differentiated player providing comprehensive IoT Solutions—CaaS, Solutions & Analytics through its robust partner ecosystem. This partner ecosystem offers us the unique ability to act as a “one-stop-shop” specializing in solutions across the full IoT stack that are secure, cost-efficient and enable our customers a rapid time to market. We partner with mobile carriers around the world as well as application platforms, hardware OEMs, semiconductor and module OEMs, cloud infrastructure providers and systems integrators.

Participation in 5G Adoption

•Massive TAM ( “Total Addressable Market”) and Disruptive End-Market Use Cases. We believe that 5G adoption will result in an addressable market of $13.2 trillion globally by 2035. Market growth is expected to be driven by key segments including smart manufacturing, mobile, smart city, intelligent retail, construction and mining, connected healthcare, and precision agriculture.

•KORE Touchpoints. We expect to be the leading enabler of 5G adoption across 5G IoT, 5G broadband, and 5G ultra reliable segments because we:

•Provide 5G connectivity and simplified management with 5G-ready eSIM and eUICC technology and multi-value proposition enabled by the proprietary KORE One platform.

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•Enable seamless transition to 5G with its strength in carrier relationships and experience in managing network transitions.

•Accelerate 5G use cases with pre-configured solutions and industry-specific IoT Managed Services portfolios.

•Enable edge deployments with a roadmap for a fully virtualized multi-carrier gateway on the Edge (KORE Anywhere).

•Enable private network deployments with a fully virtualized core network (Cloud Native Evolved Packet Core “EPC”).

•Leveraging eSIMs coupled with eUICC Technology. eSIMs coupled with eUICC technologies are next-generation technologies driving rapid adoption of Enterprise IoT Connectivity. According to Ericsson, there is a massive growth of new IoT-connected devices expected to come online, with approximately 35 billion devices by 2028. One of the bigger challenges to achieving this growth is current SIM card technology. Today, the vast majority of cellular connected devices are using SIM cards which are locked into a specific cellular carrier. eSIMs and eUICC technology offers several benefits over traditional SIM card technology, including:

•Enables devices to store multiple operator profiles on a device simultaneously and switch between them remotely.

•Allows remote updates.

•Permits remote SIM provisioning of any mobile device.

•Delivers an effective way to significantly increase data security.

•Offers protection from evolving network technologies, such as the retirement of legacy services like 2G and 3G. In some cases, eSIM technology plays a critical role providing secure out-of-the box connectivity to support IoT. It enables our customers to maintain a flexible approach towards carrier and network management. Moreover, eSIM technology future-proofs devices in the field against changes in network technology. We offer advanced connectivity solutions through its proprietary eSIM offering and believe that it will be a key vector for eSIM volume growth. We shipped approximately 0.5 million eSIMs in 2022 and expect to continue successfully implementing the eSIM technology into customer IoT deployments.

KORE’s Competition and Differentiators

We believe that it is one of the few providers in the current market that can provide IoT enablement services, delivering CaaS, IoT Solutions and Analytics in a comprehensive manner. However, the individual markets for our products and solutions are rapidly evolving and are highly competitive. These markets are likely to continue to be affected by new product introductions and industry participants. Below are some of our key competitors across various segments of its business:

•For IoT Connectivity services: telecom carriers such as T-Mobile and Vodafone; Mobile Virtual Network Operators such as Aeris, Wireless Logic; and Twilio, Inc.

•For IoT Solutions and Analytics: device management services providers such as Velocitor Solutions and Futura Mobility, fleet management SaaS providers such as Fleetmatics and GPS Trackit, and analytics services providers such as Galooli and Intellisite.

We compete in the IoT Connectivity services market on the basis of the number of carrier integrations (46), its KORE One platform (7 engines), ConnectivityPro service and related APIs, the eSIM technology stack/proprietary IP, Cloud Native Evolved Packet Core “EPC”. We compete in the IoT Solutions market on the basis of its deep industry vertical knowledge and experience (e.g., in Connected Health through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) Facilities Registration, ISO 9001/13485 certification and HIPAA compliance), its breadth of solutions and analytics services and 3,300+ connectivity-only customers that provide cross-selling opportunities of additional IoT managed services.

Sales, Marketing and Growth Strategy

The five pillars of our growth strategy are as follows:

•Significant organic volume growth from existing customer base: Leveraging strong IoT industry momentum with the average customer growing at double digit growth rates, maintaining high customer retention, and leveraging eSIMs to gain wallet share and market share.

•Cross-sell and upsell our growing portfolio of IoT Solutions to our large base of IoT Connectivity services only customers. Continue to build momentum using our investments in MODGo, High Bandwidth, CHTS solution for cross-sell opportunities.

•Deepening our presence in focused industry sectors: Leverage our presence in Connected Health and Fleet Management, deepen its presence in other verticals in the next 6 to 12 months, and deploying pre-configured industry solutions.

•Enhance “AIoT” (Artificial Intelligence + IoT) and Edge Analytics capabilities in target industries.

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•Drive growth through strategic, accretive acquisitions, which add key capabilities.

Intellectual Property

Our approach in building our intellectual property was to focus on creating outcomes for our customers. This enables services that we provide using our IP and build their own services that lead to meaningful business outcomes for them, whether it is building a web-based patient monitoring service or a mobile app-based pet tracking service.

Our Technology Stack essentially provides customers with IoT Building Blocks to create their IoT Solution. Our KORE One platform with our seven open, modular and scalable engines sits in the center of all this. The platform not only enables us to create services for our customers, but also for customers to build their own. Our eSIM (OmniSIM) can provide global and local connectivity on a single SIM. Our HyperCore provides us with the core network capabilities to enable us and our customers to drive creative connectivity offerings. Our Pre-Configured solutions offer customers the ability to jump start their IoT journey and reduce their time-to-market from several months to a few weeks.

Key areas of our intellectual property as illustrated above are:

KORE One™ Platform: The KORE One Platform was built using a microservices-based proprietary architecture and consists of seven (7) key engines.

KORE eSIM: We have developed our eSIM which helps in providing global connectivity using a single eSIM which can be remotely updated with a preferred carrier profile over the air, or OTA. The key pieces of intellectual property in this portfolio include our eSIM profile, eSIM Validation Tool, and our APIs.

Cloud Native HyperCore (Cellular Network as a Service): Any cellular network is comprised of a Radio Access Network (“RAN”), fiber optic backhaul and a “core network”, the functions of which constitute the “brains” of this network (including switching, authentication etc.). Cloud Native HyperCore provides us as well as some of its customers with a cellular “core network” (built on top of a RAN and backhaul from a cellular carrier). Our intellectual property consists of both a traditional and a cloud-native core network component.

IoT Network and Application Services

•ConnectivityPro®: IoT Connectivity Management Platform that provides an array of global IoT Connectivity services such as provisioning connectivity, provisioning users, rating and charging, distribution management, eSIM orchestration, diagnostics and support.

•SecurityPro®: IoT security service that enables deep network traffic monitoring for IoT connections. It helps mitigate the risk of data breaches and provides packet-level visibility into IoT communications. With SecurityPro, customers can set up rules on groups of devices and not only detect anomalies in traffic based on these rules but also take appropriate action upon detection.

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•PositionLogicTM: Location based services (“LBS”) platform for position mapping, global fleet tracking, intelligent routing and integrated telematics services such as in-vehicle video, cargo monitoring, safety & security etc.

Apart from the intellectual property listed above, we maintain one active patent, several trademarks and ownership of domain and website names, all of which we consider our intellectual property.

We manage our research and development efforts through a structured life-cycle process covering identification of customer requirements, preparing a product roadmap, ongoing agile development, and commercial introduction to eventual phase-out. During product development, emphasis is placed on quality, reliability, performance, time-to-market, meeting industry standards and customer-product specifications, ease of integration, cost reduction, and maintainability.

Employees and Human Capital

Our success depends on our ability to attract, hire, retain and develop highly skilled professionals in a variety of specialties, including finance, technology, compliance, business development, cybersecurity and management.

Workforce

As of December 31, 2022, we had 595 full-time employees.

Talent Management and Culture

Due to the complexity of our business, we compete for talent with other companies, both inside and outside of our industry, and in multiple geographical areas in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In 2022, our human capital efforts focused on further developing our high-performance culture to attract, develop and retain talent by enhancing our performance-management and succession planning efforts, additional talent management programs, recruitment focus to attract underrepresented workforce areas, encourage greater autonomy through thought leadership and innovation and improve quantity and quality of employee communications, so that we can better serve our customers and be recognized as a great place to work. To that end, we seek employees who share our commitment to our core values: Innovation, One Team, Trust and Integrity, Excellence, Results Focused, Supportive and Collaborative.

Compensation and Benefits

To maintain a high-caliber, values-driven workforce that is committed to our culture, we strive to offer total rewards, including compensation, benefits and recognition programs that position our company as an employer of choice. Our compensation is designed to be performance based and competitive in the markets in which we compete. We closely monitor industry trends and practices to ensure we are able to attract and retain the personnel who are critical to our success. We also monitor internal pay equity to help ensure that our compensation practices are fair and equitable across our organization. Our senior leaders have an opportunity to receive a portion of their compensation in our equity, and, subject to a cap, we match the contributions of all of our employees to our retirement savings plan to help support their long-term financial goals.

To help our employees feel supported, we offer an array of benefits intended to meet the diverse needs of our employees and their eligible dependents. From healthcare to holidays, our aim is to help our employees enjoy happy and healthy lifestyles, while maintaining good work-life balance. Our benefits, which are overseen by our Total Rewards team, are available to all full-time employees and part-time employees working at least 30 hours per week. Our health and welfare benefits include, among other things: medical coverage; dental and vision coverage; healthcare and dependent-care flexible spending accounts, Health Savings Accounts, an Employee Assistance Program, including counseling and work/life services for employees and their families; accident and critical illness coverage; life and accidental death and dismemberment insurance, as well as short-term and long-term disability insurance.

Training and Development

We believe in our employees’ potential and provide training and development opportunities intended to maximize their performance and professional growth. To ensure that new employees integrate into our culture and their daily work, we provide a robust new-hire experience, as well as extensive ongoing training for our employees to acquaint them with our business. We require all our employees to complete courses in key regulatory areas, and we offer opportunities for professional development through training sessions and cross-departmental workshops. In addition, we have a mentorship program that pairs newer employees with more experienced professionals, giving mentees access to experience, expertise and guidance as they chart their career paths.

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Employee Safety

We aim to provide a safe, inclusive environment for our employees where they feel engaged in our business, supported in who they are and empowered to succeed. We are committed to providing a workplace that is free from violence, harassment and other unsafe or disruptive conditions and require our personnel to attend regular training sessions and workshops on those topics.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

We believe that well-being is more than just physical safety and that our employees should feel welcome and supported as who they are. We seek to foster diversity and a culture of inclusivity. In addition, our professional development and recruitment efforts have focused on improving the diversity of our employee population, including through targeted outreach to and collaborations with organizations that serve diverse populations. We also offer two scholarships per annum to students at Georgia Tech University for underrepresented workforce candidates, in particular women studying technology and engineering.

Continuous improvement is a pillar of our culture, and we regularly solicit employee feedback on the effectiveness and quality of our support programs and their level of engagement with our business. We use this feedback to improve our programs and processes and inform decisions about our business. In addition, we closely monitor employee turnover, both in the aggregate and in key subcategories such as diversity and levels within the company, to evaluate our effectiveness in retaining critical personnel.

We are committed to an inclusive work environment to encourage and cultivate diversity of thought and ideas within the Company to leverage the individual talents, perspectives and experiences of our employees to position us for continued growth and success.

Deployment Operations, Training and Customer Support

IoT deployments are extremely complex. Our mission is to simplify the complexities of IoT and help clients deploy, manage and scale their mission-critical IoT Solutions.

In the CaaS business, we deploy connectivity solutions using local SIMs, eSIMs and in certain cases core network platforms for customers to manage their connectivity base. We ship custom configured SIMs/eSIMs from our Rochester, New York and Woerden, the Netherlands facilities. We deliver our core network services with our staff based out of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Our IoT Solutions include IoT device management services, IoT location-based services software, and IoT device security services software for the Machine-to-Machine market. Our IoT Solutions ensure that customer operations, whether built on asset trackers, telematics equipment, routers, gateways, tablets or smartphones have devices and equipment fully assembled and configured when they reach eventual users.

We offer IoT device management services for deployment and sustainment of devices, including sourcing, configuration, mobile data management, and device lifecycle management. Configuration services include software configuration, SIM card installation, firmware updates, mobile data management, accessory integration, and custom component packaging.

We have key IoT Solutions configuration centers located in Pittsford, New York, and Ulestraten, the Netherlands which act as bases of operations before products and devices are sent to customers for final installation before use.

In addition, we also have the ability to bring partners required for site assessments in evaluating deployment locations prior to installation in order to validate and remediate RF signal strength, network performance, and other key metrics.

We train our customers using our customer success group which helps onboard the customers on our platform, conduct periodic refresher training, educate customers about our products and also conduct additional training sessions. We offer ongoing customer support through a number of functions, including customer success teams that help train and support the customers at the start of their engagement with us, call center for triage support (to resolve issues quickly and easily by troubleshooting malfunctioning endpoints), technical support, network operations center to monitor network and notify customers, and support for returns management of IoT devices. Our customer support teams are spread across the world.

Facilities

Our corporate headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia and consists of approximately 16,403 square feet of office space. During 2022 our Rochester facility was moved and expanded with approximately 10,000 square feet located in Pittsford, New York. The BMP and Simon IOT acquisition added approximately 10,000 square feet in Westbury, New York. Our Pittsford and Ulestraten facilities are ISO-9001/13485 certified. In addition, Pittsford facility holds a FDA Facilities Registration, and is HIPAA compliant. We believe that its existing properties are in good condition and are sufficient and suitable for the conduct of its business in the foreseeable future. To the extent its needs change as its business grows, we expect that additional space and facilities will be available.

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Principal Suppliers

Our principal suppliers include IoT connectivity and IoT solutions providers such as AT&T Inc., JACS Solutions and Verizon Communication, Inc.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of its operations in the ordinary course of business. There are no material legal proceedings, other than routine litigation incidental to the business, to which KORE or any of its subsidiaries are a party or of which any of KORE or its subsidiaries property is subject as of the filing date of this annual report.

Government Regulations and Compliance

We are required to comply with increasingly complex and changing federal, state and international laws, regulations and industry standards regarding privacy, data protection and data security, including those related to the collection, storage, use, transmission and security of personally identifiable information, health information and individual credit data, for various business purposes, including medical reasons and promotional and marketing purposes. Such privacy and data protection laws and regulations, including the HIPAA, as well as industry standards, in each case relating to the collection, use, retention, security and transfer of personally identifiable information, health information and individual credit data. Several jurisdictions have passed laws in this area, and other jurisdictions are considering imposing additional restrictions. These laws continue to develop and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Any entities covered by HIPAA (including entities such as KORE which track health-related data) are required by the HIPAA Privacy Rule to protect and prevent the unauthorized disclosure of patient health information known as protected health information. HIPAA also requires that covered entities comply with the HIPAA Security Rule which requires, among other things that, all covered entities (i) ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of all electronic protected health information; (ii) detect and safeguard against anticipated threats to the security of the information; (iii) protect against anticipated impermissible uses or disclosures; and (iv) certify compliance by their workforce.

Available Information

We file electronically with the SEC our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other information. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. We make available on our website at www.korewireless.com, free of charge, copies of these reports and any amendments as soon as reasonably practicable after filing or furnishing them with the SEC. We announce material information to the public about us, our products and services and other matters through a variety of means, including our website, the investor relations section of our website, press releases, filings with the SEC, and public conference calls, in order to achieve broad distribution of information to the public. We encourage investors and others to review the information we make public in these locations, as such information could be deemed to be material information.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks. Any of the risk factors we describe below have affected or could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The market price of our securities could decline, possibly significantly or permanently, if one or more of these risks and uncertainties occur. Certain statements in “Risk Factors” are forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our actual operating results may differ significantly from any guidance provided.

Our guidance, including forward-looking statements, is prepared by management and is qualified by, and subject to, a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies. Many of these uncertainties and contingencies are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. We generally state possible outcomes as high and low ranges which are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed but are not intended to represent that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions of the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. In particular, guidance relating to the anticipated results of operations of an acquired business is inherently more speculative in nature than other guidance as management will, necessarily, be less familiar with the business, procedures, and operations of the acquired business. Similarly, guidance offered in periods of extreme uncertainty such as geopolitical tensions, in particular Russia’s incursion into Ukraine, is inherently more speculative in nature than guidance offered in periods of relative stability. Accordingly, any guidance with respect to our projected financial performance is necessarily only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date the guidance is given. Actual results will vary from the guidance and the variations may be material. Investors should also recognize that the reliability of any forecasted financial data will diminish the farther in the future that the data is forecasted.

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Actual operating results may be different from our guidance, and such differences may be adverse and material. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged to put the guidance in context and not to place undue reliance on it. In addition, the market price of our common stock may reflect various market assumptions as to the accuracy of our guidance. If our actual results of operations fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially.

Our quarterly results of operations have fluctuated and are likely to continue to fluctuate. As a result, we may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of investors or securities analysts, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Our quarterly operating results, including the levels of our revenue, gross margin, net loss before income taxes and cash flows, may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, including adverse macroeconomic conditions, the product mix that we sell, the relative sales related to our platforms and solutions and other factors which are outside of our control. If our quarterly revenue or results of operations fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Fluctuations in our results of operations may be due to a number of factors, including:

•the portion of our revenue attributable to IoT Connectivity and IoT Services, including hardware and other sales;

•our ability to manage the businesses we have acquired, and to integrate and manage any future acquisitions of businesses;

•fluctuations in demand, including due to seasonality or broader economic factors, for our platforms and solutions;

•changes in pricing by us in response to competitive pricing actions;

•the ability of our hardware vendors to continue to manufacture high-quality products and to supply sufficient components and products to meet our demands;

•the timing and success of introductions of new solutions, products or upgrades by us or our competitors and the entrance of new competitors;

•changes in our business and pricing policies or those of our competitors;

•our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses and the costs of the hardware we purchase;

•changes in U.S. trade policies, including new or potential tariffs or penalties on imported products;

•competition, including entry into the industry by new competitors and new offerings by existing competitors;

•issues related to introductions of new or improved products such as supply chain disruptions or shortages of prior generation products or short-term decreased demand for next generation products;

•perceived or actual problems with the security, privacy, integrity, reliability, quality or compatibility of our solutions, including those related to security breaches in our systems, our subscribers’ systems, unscheduled downtime, or outages;

•the amount and timing of expenditures, including those related to expanding our operations, including through acquisitions, increasing research and development, introducing new solutions or paying litigation expenses;

•the ability to effectively manage growth within existing and new markets domestically and abroad;

•changes in the payment terms for our platforms and solutions;

•collectability of receivables due from customers and other third parties;

•the strength of regional, national and global economies; and

•the impact of natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, power outages, floods, epidemics, pandemics and public health crises, including COVID-19, and other catastrophic events or man-made problems such as terrorism, civil unrest and actual or threatened armed conflict, or global or regional economic, political and social conditions.

Fluctuations in our quarterly operating results may be particularly pronounced in the current economic environment. Due to the foregoing factors and the other risks discussed in this Annual Report, you should not rely on quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our results of operations as an indication of our future performance. For the same reason, you should not consider our recent revenue growth and changes in Adjusted EBITDA or results of one quarter as indicative of our future performance. See the “Non-GAAP Measures” section of Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for a discussion of the limitations of Adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measurement, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and, 2021.

Downturns in general economic and market conditions and reductions in spending may reduce demand for our platforms and solutions, which could harm our revenue, results of operations and cash flows.

Our revenue, results of operations and cash flows depend on the overall demand for our platforms and solutions. Negative macroeconomic conditions in the general economy both in the United States and abroad, inflation, changes in gross domestic product growth, financial and credit market fluctuations, energy costs, international trade relations and other geopolitical tensions, the availability and cost of credit, rising interest rates and the global housing and mortgage markets could cause a decrease in consumer discretionary

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spending and business investment and diminish growth expectations in the U.S. economy and abroad. Further broadening or protracted extension of the economic downturn could have a negative impact on our business revenue, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Related to Our Products and Technology

The 5G market may take longer to materialize than we expect or, if it does materialize rapidly, we may not be able to meet the development schedule and other customer demands.

The growth of the 5G market and its emerging standards, including the newly defined 5G NR standard, is accelerating and we believe that we are at the forefront of this newly emerging standard. However, this market may take longer to materialize than we expect, which could delay important commercial milestones. Even if the market does materialize at the rapid pace that we are expecting, we may have difficulties meeting aggressive timing expectations of our current customers and getting our target products to market on time to meet the demands of our target customers. We may have difficulties meeting the market and technical specifications and timelines. It is also possible that offerings developed by others will render our offerings and initiatives noncompetitive or obsolete. Additionally, our target customers have no guarantee that the configurations of their respective target products will be successful or that they can reach the appropriate target client base to provide a positive return on the research and development investments we are making in the 5G market. We are pursuing 5G opportunities in the United States and abroad. 5G markets outside of the United States will develop at different rates and we will encounter these challenges to varying degrees in different countries. Failure to manage challenges related to 5G markets and opportunities could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our growth depends in part on our ability to extend our technologies and products into new and expanded areas, including 5G. Our development and investments in these new technologies, may not generate operating income or contribute to future results of operations that meet our expectations.

We continue to invest significant resources toward advancements primarily in support of 4G- and 5G-based technologies. We also invest in new and expanded product areas by utilizing our existing technical and business expertise and through acquisitions or other strategic transactions. Our future growth depends on our ability to develop leading and cost-effective technologies and products for these new and expanded areas and developing technologies. In particular, our growth depends significantly on our ability to develop and commercialize products using 5G technologies. In January 2022, several major U.S. wireless carriers had to temporarily delay deployment of new wireless facilities that were meant to facilitate the evolution of their wireless networks to 5G technology in response to concerns of the aviation industry that those 5G facilities could interfere with equipment used for aviation and could impede aviation safety. Although the FCC, FAA, the wireless telecommunications industry and the aviation industry are working on solutions to alleviate those concerns, the timing for resolution is unclear, and such uncertainty could further impact the amount of and timing of 5G network investment. To the extent 5G rollout is further delayed due to interference with existing technologies, or adoption of 5G is slowed as a result of such concerns, we may incur significant costs and asset impairments, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to support customers with low latency and/or high throughput IoT use cases, our revenue growth and profitability will be harmed.

As wireless networks have evolved to support higher speeds, IoT devices have included more advanced capabilities such as video, real-time event logging, edge compute services (where computing is completed on or near the site of the sensor) and voice controls. As a result, customers have developed IoT applications that consume more network resources and require much lower network latency. In order to support these new customers and the increasing number of 5G use cases, we must continue to make significant investments in network capacity, infrastructure and edge virtualization solutions. The timely deployment of higher capacity infrastructure and edge virtualization to support high throughput, low latency IoT applications is critical to keeping and attracting key customers, the failure of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our products are highly technical and may contain undetected errors, product defects, security vulnerabilities, or software errors.

Our products and solutions, including our software products, are highly technical and complex and, when deployed, may contain errors, defects, or security vulnerabilities including but not limited to vulnerabilities resulting from the use of third-party hardware and software. We must develop our products quickly to keep pace with the rapidly changing market, and we have a history of frequently introducing new products. Products and services as sophisticated as ours could contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced or when new models or versions are released. Such occurrences could result in damage to our reputation, lost revenue, diverted development resources, increased customer service and support costs, warranty claims, and litigation.

We warrant that our products will be free of defects for various periods of time, depending on the product. In addition, certain of our contracts include epidemic failure clauses. If invoked, these clauses may entitle the customer to return or obtain credits for products and inventory, or to cancel outstanding purchase orders even if the products themselves are not defective.

Errors, viruses, or bugs may be present in software or hardware that we acquire or license from third parties and incorporate into our products or in third party software or hardware that our customers use in conjunction with our products. Our customers’ proprietary software and network firewall protections may corrupt data from our products and create difficulties in implementing our solutions.

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Changes to third party software or hardware that our customers use in conjunction with our software could also render our applications inoperable. Any errors, defects, or security vulnerabilities in our products or any defects in, or compatibility issues with, any third-party hardware or software or customers’ network environments discovered after commercial release could result in loss of revenue or delay in revenue recognition, loss of customers, theft of trade secrets, data or intellectual property and increased service and warranty cost, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Undiscovered vulnerabilities in our products alone or in combination with third party hardware or software could expose them to hackers or other unscrupulous third parties who develop and deploy viruses, and other malicious software programs that could attack our products. Actual or perceived security vulnerabilities in our products could harm our reputation and lead some customers to return products, to reduce or delay future purchases, or use competitive products.

If there are interruptions, outages or performance degradation problems associated with the network infrastructure used to provide our services, customers may experience service outages, which may impact our reputation and future sales.

Our continued success depends, in part, on our ability to provide highly available services to our customers. The majority of our current and future customers expect to use our services 24 hours a day, seven days a week, without interruption or degradation of performance. Since a large majority of customer network traffic routes through hardware managed by us, any outage or performance problem that occurs within this infrastructure could impair the ability of our customers to transmit wireless data traffic to our destination servers, which could negatively impact the customers’ IoT devices or solutions. Potential outages and performance problems may occur due to a variety of factors, including hardware failure, equipment configuration changes, capacity constraints, human error and introduction of new functionality. Additionally, we depend on services from various third parties to support IoT networks and platforms. If a third party experiences a service outage, a product defect or bug, or performance degradation, such failures could interrupt customers’ ability to use our services, which could also negatively affect their perception of our service reliability. Our services are hosted in our third party data centers and any outages in these centers from any source including catastrophic events such as terrorist attack, flood, power failure, earthquake, etc. can impact the availability of our services, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our internal and customer-facing systems, and systems of third parties we rely upon, may be subject to cybersecurity breaches, disruptions, ransom attacks or delays.

A cybersecurity incident in our own systems or the systems of our third-party providers may compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our own internal data, the availability of our products and websites designed to support our customers, or our customer data. Computer hackers, ransom attacks, foreign governments, or cyber terrorists may attempt to or succeed in penetrating our network security and our website. The recent discovery of wide-scale cybersecurity intrusions into U.S. government and private company computer networks by alleged Russian state actors underscores the ongoing threat posed by sophisticated and foreign state-sponsored attacks. The frequency of ransomware and malware attacks has also been increasing over time. Unauthorized access and theft to our proprietary business information or customer data or rendering them unusable for our use through encryption, may be accomplished through break-ins, sabotage, theft of IoT data streams and transmissions, breach of our secure network by an unauthorized party, computer viruses, computer denial-of-service attacks, employee theft or misuse, ransomware attacks, breach of the security of the networks of our third-party providers, or other misconduct. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or users to disclose sensitive or confidential information in order to gain access to data.

Despite our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our systems, it is impossible to eliminate this risk. Because the techniques used by computer hackers who may attempt to penetrate and sabotage our network security or our website change frequently, they may take advantage of weaknesses in third-party technology or standards of which we are unaware or that we do not control and may not be recognized until long after they have been launched against a target. We may be unable to anticipate or counter these techniques. It is also possible that unauthorized access to customer data or confidential information may be obtained through inadequate use of security controls by customers, vendors, or business partners. Efforts to prevent hackers from disrupting our service or otherwise accessing our systems are expensive to develop, implement, and maintain. Such efforts require ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated and may limit the functionality of, or otherwise adversely impact our service offering and systems. A cybersecurity incident affecting our systems may also result in theft of our intellectual property, proprietary data, or trade secrets, which would compromise our competitive position, reputation, and operating results. We also may be required to notify regulators about any actual or perceived personal data breach (including the EU Lead Data Protection Authority) as well as the individuals who are affected by the incident within strict time periods.

The systems we rely upon also remain vulnerable to damage or interruption from a number of other factors, including access to the internet, the failure of our network or software systems, or significant variability in visitor traffic on our product websites, earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunication failures, computer viruses, human error, and similar events or disruptions. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning is not sufficient for all eventualities. Our systems are also subject to intentional acts of vandalism. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster, a decision by any of our third-party hosting providers to close a facility we use without adequate notice for financial or other reasons, or other unanticipated problems at our hosting facilities could cause system interruptions and delays, and result in loss of critical data and lengthy interruptions in our services.

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We rely on our information systems and those of third parties for activities such as processing customer orders, delivery of products, hosting and providing services and support to our customers, billing and tracking our customers, hosting and managing our customer data, and otherwise running our business. Any disruptions or unexpected incompatibilities in our information systems and those of the third parties upon whom we rely could have a significant impact on our business.

An increasing portion of our revenue comes from subscription solutions and other hosted services in which we store, retrieve, communicate, and manage data that is critical to our customers’ business systems. Disruption of our systems that support these services and solutions could cause disruptions in our customers’ systems and in the businesses that rely on these systems. Any such disruptions could harm our reputation, create liabilities for our customers, hurt demand for our services and solutions, and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may become involved in litigation that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may become a party to litigation and disputes related to our intellectual property, business practices, regulatory compliance, products, or platform. While we intend to vigorously defend these lawsuits, litigation can be costly and time-consuming, divert the attention of management and key personnel from our business operations, and dissuade prospective customers from subscribing to our products. We may need to settle litigation and disputes on terms that are unfavorable to us, or we may be subject to an unfavorable judgment that may not be reversible upon appeal. The terms of any settlement or judgment may require us to cease some or all of our operations or pay substantial amounts to the other party. In addition, our customer agreements include provisions requiring us to indemnify our customers against liabilities if our products infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights, and we have negotiated other specific indemnities with certain customers, in each case, which could require us to make payments to such customers. During the course of any litigation or dispute, we may make announcements regarding the results of hearings and motions and other interim developments. If securities analysts and investors consider these announcements negative, our stock price may decline. With respect to any intellectual property rights claim, we may have to seek a license to continue practices found to be in violation of third-party rights, which may not be available on reasonable terms and may significantly increase our operating expenses. A license to continue such practices may not be available to us, and we may be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology or practices or discontinue our practices. The development of alternative, non-infringing technology or practices could require significant effort and expense. Any of the above could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Customers and Demand for Our Solutions

The loss of our large customers, particularly our single largest customer, could significantly impact our revenue and profitability.

Our largest customer in the year ended December 31, 2022, was approximately 11% of our total revenue in that same period and while we maintain a good relationship with the customer at this moment, its potential loss could significantly impact our revenue and profitability. Our next largest customer in the year ended December 31, 2022, was approximately 8% of our total revenue in that same period and while its potential loss would not be as significant as the loss of the largest customer, it usually takes many years to win and grow customers to this level of revenue. The loss of one or several significant customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Transitions of cellular network technologies from 2G/3G to LTE, Cat-M, NB-IoT or 5G or other cellular telecommunications technologies could impact our revenue due to the loss of subscribers or reduced pricing.

In the United States, the major carriers phased out their 2G and 3G networks by the end of 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we estimate that it has approximately 0.1 million connections that operate on 2G and 3G networks in the United States. European carriers have also announced their intentions to begin 2G and 3G network shutdowns starting in 2025.

While we have strong relationships with many of the affected customers and expects to retain most of the connections which will not be retired upon the switch to 4G or 5G technologies, some of these connections may be lost as a result of competitive bidding processes. LTE rate plans are typically lower in price than legacy 2G and 3G rate plans. As a result, the phase out of 2G and 3G resulted in lower revenue per unit and/or lower revenue for us. While the projected impact of this is incorporated in our projections, if the projected impact of this phase out is more significant than projected, including if we lose more connections than anticipated or if LTE rate plans are priced lower than currently expected, this transition could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our inability to adapt to rapid technological change in our markets could impair our ability to remain competitive and adversely affect the results of operations.

All of the markets in which we operate are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent introductions of new products, services and solutions and evolving customer demands. In addition, we are affected by changes in the many industries related to the products or services we offer, including Connectivity services and IoT Solutions offered to our Connected Health, Fleet Management, Communication Services, Asset management and industrial verticals. As the technologies used in each of these industries evolves, we will face new integration and competition challenges. For example, eSIM and eUICC standards may evolve and we will have to evolve its technology to such standards. If we are unable to adapt to rapid technological change, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and our ability to remain competitive.

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Additionally, the deployment of 5G network technology is subject to a variety of risks, including those related to equipment and spectrum availability, unexpected costs, and regulatory permitting requirements that could cause deployment delays or network performance issues. These issues could result in significant costs or reduce the anticipated benefits of the enhancements to our networks. If our services or solutions fail to gain acceptance in the marketplace, or if costs associated with the implementation and introduction of these services or solutions materially increase, our ability to retain and attract customers could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to retain and increase sales to our existing customers, which could negatively impact our financial results.

We generally seek to license our platform and solutions pursuant to customer subscriptions. However, our customers have no obligation to maintain the subscription and can often terminate with 30 days’ notice. We also actively seek to sell additional solutions to our existing customers. If our efforts to satisfy our existing customers are not successful, we may not be able to retain them or sell additional functionality to them and, as a result, our revenue and ability to grow could be adversely affected. Customers may choose not to renew their subscriptions for many reasons, including the belief that our service is not required for their business needs or is otherwise not cost-effective, a desire to reduce discretionary spending, or a belief that our competitors’ services provide better value. Additionally, our customers may not renew for reasons entirely out of our control, such as the dissolution of their business or an economic downturn in their industry. A significant increase in our churn rate would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

A part of our growth strategy is to sell additional new features and solutions to our existing customers. Our ability to sell new features to customers will depend in significant part on our ability to anticipate industry evolution, practices and standards and to continue to enhance existing solutions or introduce or acquire new solutions on a timely basis to keep pace with technological developments both within our industry and in related industries, and to remain compliant with any regulations mandated by federal agencies or state-mandated or foreign government regulations as they pertain to our customers. However, we may prove unsuccessful either in developing new features or in expanding the third-party software and products with which our solutions integrate. In addition, the success of any enhancement or new feature depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the enhancement or feature. Any new solutions we develop or acquire might not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and might not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If any of our competitors implement new technologies before we are able to implement them or better anticipate the innovation and integration opportunities in related industries, those competitors may be able to provide more effective or cheaper solutions than ours.

The marketability of our products may suffer if wireless telecommunications operators do not deliver acceptable wireless services.

The success of our business depends, in part, on the capacity, affordability, reliability and prevalence of wireless data networks provided by wireless telecommunications operators and on which our products and solutions operate.

Currently, various wireless telecommunications operators, either individually or jointly with us, sell our products in connection with the sale of their wireless data services to their customers. Growth in demand for wireless data access may be limited if, for example, wireless telecommunications operators cease or materially curtail operations, fail to offer services that customers consider valuable at acceptable prices, change the terms of trade to us including offering us meaningful volume discounts without unduly high volume commitments, fail to maintain sufficient capacity to meet demand for wireless data access, delay the expansion of their wireless networks and services, fail to offer and maintain reliable wireless network services or fail to market their services effectively. Lack of demand for wireless data access could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations

Reduction in regulation in certain markets may adversely impact demand for certain of our solutions by reducing the necessity for, or desirability of, our solutions.

Regulatory compliance and reporting are driven by legislation and requirements, which are often subject to change, from regulatory authorities in nearly every jurisdiction globally. For example, in the United States, fleet operators can face numerous complex regulatory requirements, including mandatory Compliance, Safety and Accountability driver safety scoring, hours of service, compliance and fuel tax reporting. The reduction in regulation in certain markets may adversely impact demand for certain of our solutions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Conversely, an increase in regulation could increase our cost of providing services, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Investment in new business strategies and acquisitions could result in operating difficulties, dilution and other consequences that could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

New business strategies and acquisitions are important elements of our strategy and use of capital, and these transactions could be material to our financial condition and operating results. We expect to continue to evaluate and enter into discussions regarding a wide array of such potential strategic transactions, which could create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. Some of the areas where we face risk include:

•Diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to challenges related to acquisitions and other strategic transactions:

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•Failure to successfully integrate the acquired operations, technologies, services and personnel (including cultural integration and retention of employees) and further develop the acquired business and technology:

•Implementation or remediation of controls, procedures, and policies at the acquired company:

•Integration of the acquired company's accounting and administrative systems, and the coordination of product, engineering, and sales and marketing functions;

•Transition of operations, users, and customer onto our existing platforms;

•In the case of foreign acquisitions, the need to integrate operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political, and regulatory risk associated with specific countries;

•Failure to accomplish commercial, strategic or financial objectives with respect to investments;

•Failure to realize the value of investment due to lack of liquidity

•Liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringement claims, data privacy and security issues, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities, warranty claims, product liabilities, and other known and unknown liabilities; and

•Litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders, or other third parties.

Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and other strategic transactions could cause us to fail to realize their anticipated benefits, incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business generally.

Our acquisitions and other strategic transactions could also result in dilutive issuance of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses or impairment of goodwill and/or long lived assets, and restructuring charges, any of which could harm our financial condition and operating results. Also, the anticipated benefits or value of our acquisitions and other strategic transactions may not materialize.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We are dependent on proprietary technology, which could result in litigation that could divert significant valuable resources.

Our future success and competitive position are dependent upon our proprietary technology. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain our software or develop software with the same functionality or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Others may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our technology or duplicate our technology. In addition, effective copyright, patent, and trade secret protection may be unavailable, limited, or not applied for in certain countries. The steps taken by us to protect our technology might not prevent the misappropriation of such technology.

The value of our products relies substantially on our technical innovation in fields in which there are many current patent filings. Third parties may claim that we or our customers (some of whom are indemnified by us) are infringing their intellectual property rights. For example, individuals and groups may purchase intellectual property assets for the purpose of asserting claims of infringement and attempting to extract settlements from us or our customers. The number of these claims has increased in recent years. As new patents are issued or are brought to our attention by the holders of such patents, it may be necessary for us to secure a license from such patent holders, redesign our products, or withdraw products from the market. In addition, the legal costs and engineering time required to safeguard intellectual property or to defend against litigation could become a significant expense of operations. Any such litigation could require us to incur substantial costs and divert significant valuable resources, including the efforts of our technical and management personnel, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, our competitive position and our business could be harmed.

We rely on a combination of intellectual property laws, trade secrets, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. The steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property. We may not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. Our competitors may also independently develop similar technology. In addition, the laws of many countries do not protect our proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of the United States. Any failure by us to meaningfully protect our intellectual property could result in competitors offering products that incorporate our most technologically advanced features, which could seriously reduce demand for our products and solutions. In addition, we may in the future need to initiate infringement claims or litigation. Litigation, whether we are a plaintiff or a defendant, can be expensive, time consuming and may divert the efforts of our technical staff and managerial personnel, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, whether or not such litigation results in a determination favorable to us.

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An assertion by a third party that we are infringing its intellectual property could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses and our business could be harmed.

The technology industries involving mobile data communications, IoT devices, software and services are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Much of this litigation involves patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product revenue of their own, and against whom our own patent portfolio may provide little or no deterrence. One or more patent infringement lawsuits from non-practicing entities may be brought against us or our subsidiaries every year in the ordinary course of business.

We cannot assure you that we or our subsidiaries will prevail in any current or future intellectual property infringement or other litigation given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in such litigation. Defending such claims, regardless of their merit, could be time-consuming and distracting to management, result in costly litigation or settlement, cause development delays, or require us or our subsidiaries to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. In addition, we or our subsidiaries could be obligated to indemnify our customers against third parties’ claims of intellectual property infringement based on our products or solutions. If our products or solutions violate any third-party intellectual property rights, we could be required to withdraw them from the market, re-develop them or seek to obtain licenses from third parties, which might not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Any efforts to re-develop our products or solutions, obtain licenses from third parties on favorable terms or license a substitute technology might not be successful and, in any case, might substantially increase our costs and harm our business, financial condition and operating results. Withdrawal of any of our products or solutions from the market could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

In addition, we incorporate open-source software into our products and solutions. Given the nature of open-source software, third parties might assert copyright and other intellectual property infringement claims against us based on our use of certain open-source software programs. The terms of many open-source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. courts or courts of other jurisdictions, and there is a risk that those licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products and solutions. In that event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our products and solutions, to re-develop our solutions, to discontinue sales of our solutions, or to release our proprietary software source code under the terms of an open-source license, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Competition

The market for the products and services that we offer is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We may be unable to compete effectively.

The market for the products and services that we offer is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We expect competition to continue to increase and intensify, especially in the 5G market. Many of our competitors or potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, operational and marketing resources than we do. These competitors, for example, may be able to respond more rapidly or more effectively than we can to new or emerging technologies, changes in customer requirements, supplier-related developments, or a shift in the business landscape. They also may devote greater or more effective resources than we do to the development, manufacture, promotion, sale, and post-sale support of their respective products and services.

Many of our current and potential competitors have more extensive customer bases and broader customer, supplier and other industry relationships that they can leverage to establish competitive dealings with many of our current and potential customers. Some of these companies also have more established and larger customer support organizations than we do. In addition, these companies may adopt more aggressive pricing policies or offer more attractive terms to customers than they currently do, or than we are able to do. They may bundle their competitive products with broader product offerings and may introduce new products, services and enhancements. Current and potential competitors might merge or otherwise establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties to enhance their products, services or market position. In addition, at any time any given customer or supplier of ours could elect to enter our then existing line of business and thereafter compete with us, whether directly or indirectly. As a result, it is possible that new competitors or new or otherwise enhanced relationships among existing competitors may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share to the detriment of our business.

Our products compete with a variety of solutions, including other Subscription-based IoT platforms and solutions. Our current competitors include:

Connectivity services: telecom carriers such as T-Mobile and Vodafone; Mobile Virtual Network Operators such as Aeris and Wireless Logic.

IoT Solutions and Analytics: device management services providers such as Velocitor and Futura, fleet management SaaS providers such as Fleetmatics and GPS Trakit, and analytics services providers such as Galooli and Intellisite.

We expect our competitors to continue to improve the features and performance of their current products and to introduce new products, services and technologies which, if successful, could reduce our sales and the market acceptance of our products, generate increased price competition and make our products obsolete. For our products to remain competitive, we must, among other things, continue to

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invest significant resources (financial, human and otherwise) in, among other things, research and development, sales and marketing, and customer support. We cannot be sure that we will have or will continue to have sufficient resources to make these investments or that we will be able to make the technological advances in the marketplace, meet changing customer requirements, achieve market acceptance and respond to our competitors’ products. If we are unable to compete effectively, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to maintain and expand our business if we are not able to hire, retain and manage additional qualified personnel.

Our success in the future depends in part on the continued contribution of our executive, technical, engineering, sales, marketing, operations and administrative personnel. Recruiting and retaining skilled personnel in the industries in which we operate, including engineers and other technical staff and skilled sales and marketing personnel, is highly competitive. In addition, in the event that we acquire another business or company, the success of any acquisition will depend in part on our retention and integration of key personnel from the acquired company or business.

Although we may enter into employment agreements with members of our senior management and other key personnel, these arrangements do not prevent any of our management or key personnel from leaving us. If we are not able to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future, or if we experience delays in hiring required personnel, particularly qualified technical and sales personnel, we may not be able to maintain and expand our business.

Risks Related to Developing and Delivering Our Solutions

We are dependent on telecommunications carriers to provide our IoT Connectivity Services and a disruption in one or more of these relationships could significantly adversely impact our business.

Our IoT Connectivity services are built on top of cellular connectivity provided by large telecommunications carriers and while we have a large number of carrier relationships, revenue derived from connectivity built on top of cellular networks provided by our top three carrier relationships are approximately 40% of the business for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our inability to keep an on-going contractual relationship with our existing or desired future telecommunications carrier partners or to maintain favorable terms of trade with them including competitive pricing, reasonable or no volume commitments, payment terms, access to latest cellular and network technologies including 5G, eSIMs and eUICC, could adversely affect our ability to sell our connectivity services to customers. Our contracts with large telecommunications carriers are not long term, and so are subject to frequent renegotiation. The outcome of any renegotiation cannot be guaranteed. Additional consolidation of carriers could further reduce our bargaining power in negotiations with carriers, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are dependent on a limited number of suppliers for certain critical components to our solutions; a disruption in our supply chain could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

Our current reliance on a limited group of suppliers involves risks, including a potential inability to obtain an adequate supply of required products or components to meet customers’ IoT Solutions delivery requirements, a risk that we may accumulate excess inventories if we inaccurately forecast demand for our products, reduced control over pricing and delivery schedules, discontinuation of or increased prices for certain components, and economic conditions that may adversely impact the viability of our suppliers and contract manufacturers. Any disruption in our supply chain could reduce our revenue and adversely impact our financial results. Such a disruption could occur as a result of any number of events, including, but not limited to, increases in wages that drive up prices or labor stoppages, the imposition of regulations, quotas or embargoes on components, a scarcity of, or significant increase in the price of, required electronic components for our products, trade restrictions, tariffs or duties, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, transportation failures affecting the supply chain and shipment of materials and finished goods, third party interference in the integrity of the products sourced through the supply chain, the unavailability of raw materials, severe weather conditions, natural disasters, civil unrest, military conflicts, geopolitical developments, war or terrorism, including the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, regional or global pandemics like COVID-19, and disruptions in utility and other services. In recent months global supply chains have been disrupted by COVID-19 and other factors, resulting in shortages of a number of goods, including chips necessary to produce a wide variety of devices. To the extent we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of chips, this could impact our brand as well as our results of operations. Any inability to obtain adequate deliveries or any other circumstance that would require us to seek alternative sources of supply or to manufacture, assemble, and test such components internally could significantly delay our ability to ship our products, which could damage relationships with current and prospective customers and could harm our reputation and brand and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In response to the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the United States and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization member states, as well as non-member states, announced targeted economic sanctions on Russia, including certain Russian citizens and enterprises, and the continuation of the conflict may trigger additional economic and other sanctions. The potential impacts of the conflict and related sanctions could include supply chain and logistics disruptions, macro financial impacts resulting from the exclusion of Russian financial institutions from the global banking system, volatility in foreign exchange rates and interest rates, inflationary pressures on raw materials and energy and heightened cybersecurity threats. Although to date our operations have not been directly

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impacted by the conflict, we do not and cannot know if the conflict, which remains ongoing, could escalate and result in broader economic and security concerns which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Natural disasters, public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, political crises, climate change and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control could damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, and could impact consumer spending.

If any of our facilities or the facilities of our third-party service providers including for example our telecommunications carrier partners, other suppliers of products that are components of our IoT Solutions, or our data center providers, or our other partners is affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires, power shortages, floods, public health crises (such as pandemics and epidemics), political crises (such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict), climate change or other events outside our control, including a cyberattack, our critical business or IT systems could be destroyed or disrupted and our ability to conduct normal business operations and our revenue and operating results could be adversely affected. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted, and may continue to have an impact on our operations, including the implementation of various containment measures, such as government-imposed shelter-in-place orders, quarantines, national or regional lockdowns, travel restrictions and other public health safety measures. Specifically, in response to the spread of COVID-19, and in accordance with direction from government authorities, we have, for example, limited the number of such personnel that can be present at our facilities at any one time, mandated the usage of face masks in our facilities, limited the maximum numbers of people allowed in rooms at one time and requested that many of our personnel work remotely. Our business also may be impacted by changes in the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic at different times in the various cities and regions where we operate and offer services, and by challenges faced in implementing nationwide COVID-19 vaccinations. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has moderated and the business and social distancing restrictions have eased, we may continue to experience similar adverse effects to our business. Moreover, these types of events could negatively impact consumer spending in the impacted regions or, depending upon the severity, globally, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our solutions integrate with third-party technologies and if our solutions become incompatible with these technologies, our solutions would lose functionality and our customer acquisition and retention could be adversely affected.

Our solutions integrate with third-party software and devices to allow our solutions to perform key functions. Errors, viruses or bugs may be present in third-party software that our customers use in conjunction with our solutions. Changes to third-party software that our customers use in conjunction with our solutions could also render our solutions inoperable. Customers may conclude that our software is the cause of these errors, bugs or viruses and terminate their subscriptions. The inability to easily integrate with, or any defects in, any third-party software could result in increased costs, or in delays in software releases or updates to our products until such issues have been resolved, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects and could damage our reputation.

Any significant disruption in service on our websites or in our computer systems could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers, which would harm our business and operating results.

Our brand, reputation, and ability to attract, retain, and serve our customers are dependent upon the reliable performance of our services and our customers’ ability to access our solutions at all times. Our customers rely on our solutions to make operating decisions related to their businesses, as well as to measure, store and analyze valuable data regarding their businesses. Our solutions are vulnerable to interruption and our data centers are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, intentional bad acts, computer viruses or hackers, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures, and similar events, any of which could limit our customers’ ability to access our solutions. Prolonged delays or unforeseen difficulties in connection with adding capacity or upgrading our network architecture may cause our service quality to suffer. Any event that significantly disrupts our service or exposes our data to misuse could damage our reputation and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations, including reducing our revenue, causing us to issue credits to customers, subjecting us to potential liability, increasing our churn rates, or increasing our cost of acquiring new customers.

Risks Related to International Operations

We face risks inherent in conducting business internationally, including compliance with international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations.

We operate in many parts of the world that have experienced significant governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices. These laws and regulations include data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, anti-competition regulations, import and trade restrictions, export control laws, and laws that prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials or certain payments or remunerations to customers, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), the U.K. Bribery Act, and other anti-corruption laws that have recently been the subject of a substantial increase in global enforcement. Many of our products are subject to U.S. export law restrictions that limit the destinations and types of customers to which our products may be sold or that require an export license in connection with sales outside the United States. Given the high level of complexity of these laws, there is a risk that some provisions may be inadvertently or intentionally breached, for example through fraudulent or negligent behavior of individual employees, our failure to comply with certain formal documentation requirements or otherwise. Also, we may be held liable for actions taken by our local partners. Violations of these

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laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, and prohibitions or conditions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions or conditions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries and could materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

We are potentially exposed to adverse as well as beneficial movements in currency exchange rates. Although the majority of our sales are transacted in U.S. dollars, expenses may be paid in local currencies. An increase in the value of the dollar could increase the real cost to our customers of our products in those markets outside the U.S. where we sell in dollars, and a weakened dollar could increase the cost of local operating expenses, procurement of raw materials from sources outside the United States, and overseas capital expenditures. We also conduct certain investing and financing activities in local currencies.

Risk Related to Regulation

We are subject to evolving privacy laws in the United States and other jurisdictions that are subject to potentially differing interpretations and which could adversely impact our business and require that we incur substantial costs.

Existing privacy-related laws and regulations in the United States and other countries are evolving and are subject to potentially differing interpretations, and various U.S. federal and state or other international legislative and regulatory bodies may expand or enact laws regarding privacy and data security-related matters. For example, the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, a basis for data transfers from the EU to the U.S., was invalidated by the European Court of Justice, and we expect that the international transfer of personal data will present ongoing compliance challenges and complicate our business transactions and operations. Brexit, the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, could also lead to further legislative and regulatory changes with regard to personal data transfers between the two territories. New privacy laws have come into effect in Brazil and New Zealand in 2020, and revisions of privacy laws are currently pending in countries like Canada and China. Some countries are considering or have passed legislation that requires local storage and processing of data, including geospatial data. In addition, in June 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which took effect in January 2020 and has been amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”) passed via ballot initiative in November 2020 and took effect in January 2023. The CCPA and CPRA, among other things, gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. Other states and the U.S. Congress have introduced data privacy legislation that may impact our business. Data privacy legislation, amendments and revisions to existing data privacy legislation, and other developments impacting data privacy and data protection may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies, increase the complexity of providing our products and services, and cause us to incur substantial costs in an effort to comply. Failure to comply may lead to significant fines and business interruption and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in U.S. and foreign tax rules and regulations, or interpretations thereof, may give rise to potentially adverse tax consequences and adversely affect our financial condition.

We generally conduct our international operations through wholly-owned subsidiaries and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. Our corporate structure and associated transfer pricing policies contemplate the business flows and future growth into the international markets, and consider the functions, risks and assets of the various entities involved in the intercompany transactions. The amount of taxes we pay in different jurisdictions will depend to a significant degree on the application of the tax laws of the various jurisdictions to our international business activities, changes in tax rates, new or revised tax laws or interpretations of existing tax laws and policies and our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, any or all of which could result in additional tax liabilities or increases in, or in the volatility of, our effective tax rate.

The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for pricing intercompany transactions, which are required to be computed on an arm’s-length basis pursuant to the intercompany arrangements or disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a challenge or disagreement were to occur, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations; in addition, it is uncertain whether any such adverse effects could be mitigated by corresponding adjustments in other jurisdictions with respect to the items affected. Our financial statements could fail to reflect adequate reserves to cover such a contingency.

Further changes in the tax laws of foreign jurisdictions could arise, including as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting project undertaken by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, or the OECD. The OECD, which represents a coalition of member countries, has issued recommendations that, in some cases, make substantial changes to numerous long-standing tax positions and principles; many of these changes have been adopted or are under active consideration by OECD members and/or other countries.

Recent changes to the U.S. tax laws impact the tax treatment of foreign earnings by, among other things, creating limits on the ability of taxpayers to claim and utilize foreign tax credits, imposing minimum effective rates of current tax on certain classes of foreign income, and imposing additional taxes in connection with specified payments to related foreign recipients, among other items. While some of

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these changes may be adverse on a going forward basis, others may provide benefits that may be applicable to us. Due to our existing international business activities, which we anticipate expanding, any additional guidance such as U.S Treasury regulations and administrative interpretations may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

Effective January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 requires us to capitalize, and subsequently amortize R&D expenses over five years for research activities conducted in the United States and over fifteen years for research activities conducted outside of the United States. This will result in a material increase to our U.S. income tax liability and net deferred tax assets and a material decrease to our cash flows provided from operations. The actual impact will depend on multiple factors, including the amount of R&D expenses incurred and whether the research activities are performed within or outside of the United States.

We are also subject to the examination of our tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and other tax authorities. The final determination of tax audits and any related disputes could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals and could have an adverse effect on our financial statements for the period or periods for which the applicable final determinations are made.

Risk Related to Financial Reporting

We have incurred substantial indebtedness that may decrease our business flexibility, access to capital, and/or increase our borrowing costs, and we may still incur substantially more debt, which may adversely affect our operations and financial results.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $425 million of indebtedness outstanding. Our indebtedness may:

•limit our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, business opportunities, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements;

•require a portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, business opportunities, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;

• increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions;

• expose us to the risk of increased interest rates as the majority of our borrowings are subject to variable rates of interest;

• place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our less leveraged competitors; and

• increase our cost of borrowing.

In addition, our long-term debt, which includes the Senior Secured UBS Term Loan and the Backstop Notes contain restrictive covenants that limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could permit UBS or the holders of the Backstop Notes to declare all or part of their debt to be immediately due and payable. Any such event would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on, among other things, the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such times. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. In addition, any failure to make payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of our credit rating, which could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness and our financial condition. In the absence of such cash flows and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations.

We may require additional capital to support our business, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business and may require additional funds. In particular, we may seek additional funds to develop new products and enhance our platform and existing products, expand our operations, including our sales and marketing organizations and our presence outside of the United States, improve our infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses, technologies, services, products and other assets. In addition, we may use a portion of our cash to satisfy tax withholding and remittance obligations related to outstanding restricted stock units. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financing to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our stockholders could suffer significant dilution. Any debt financing that we may secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities, our ability to repurchase stock, and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all, particularly during times of market volatility and general economic instability. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth, scale our

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infrastructure, develop product enhancements and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

The requirements of being a public company have put a strain on our resources and diverted management’s attention, and the increases in legal, accounting, insurance and compliance expenses are greater than we anticipate.

We are a public company, and as such (and particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company”), will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur prior to the Business Combination. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and are required to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as the rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC and the listing standards of The New York Stock Exchange, including changes in corporate governance practices and the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Compliance with these rules and regulations can be burdensome. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our historical legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors as compared to us prior to the Business Combination as well as significantly more expensive to provide the required insurance. In particular, we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which will increase when we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We have hired and may need to continue to hire additional accounting and financial staff, and engage outside consultants, all with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge and maintain an internal audit function, which increases our operating expenses. Moreover, we could incur additional compensation costs in the event that we decide to pay cash compensation closer to that of other public companies, which would increase our general and administrative expenses and could materially and adversely affect our profitability. We are evaluating these, rules and regulations and cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. If remediation of such material weaknesses is not effective, or if we fail to develop and maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements, comply with applicable laws and regulations, or access the capital markets could be impaired.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. If we fail to develop and maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements, comply with applicable laws and regulations, or access the capital markets could be impaired.

As a public company, we are actively evaluating its internal control over financial reporting in a manner that meets the standards of publicly traded companies required by Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Nevertheless, we are ultimately responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As disclosed in Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures,” management noted several material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. Refer to “Item 9A. Control and Procedures” for a detailed discussion regarding the material weaknesses identified as well as management’s remediation plans.

We are actively engaged in developing a remediation plan designed to address these material weaknesses, however, we cannot guarantee that these steps will be sufficient or that we will not have material weaknesses in the future. If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weaknesses, or if additional material weaknesses in our internal control are discovered or occur in the future, our financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results.

The process of designing and implementing effective internal control over financial reporting is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in its business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain internal controls over financial reporting that are adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. Testing and maintaining our internal control over financial reporting may divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value added or similar taxes, and we could be subject to liability with respect to past or future sales, which could adversely affect our operating results.

We do not collect sales and use, value added or similar taxes in certain jurisdictions in which we have sales, and we have been advised that such taxes are not applicable to certain of our products and services. Sales and use, value added, and similar tax laws and rates vary greatly by jurisdiction. Certain jurisdictions in which we do not collect such taxes may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties and interest, to us or our end-customers for the past amounts, and we may be required to collect such

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taxes in the future. If we are unsuccessful in collecting such taxes from our end customers, we could be held liable for such costs. Such tax assessments, penalties and interest, or future requirements may adversely affect our operating results.

We have a history of losses and may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

We have a history of losses, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future. We incurred net losses of $24.8 million in 2021 and $106.2 million in 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $248.2 million. We are not certain whether or when we will be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future. We also expect our expenses to increase in future periods as we continue to invest in growth, which could negatively affect our future results of operations if our revenue does not increase. These investments may not result in increased revenue or profitable growth. Any failure to increase our revenue as we invest in our business, or to manage our costs, could prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability or positive cash flow. We may also incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including the other risks described in this prospectus, and unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other unknown events. If we are unable to successfully address these risks and challenges, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

The price of our securities may be volatile.

The trading price of our securities may fluctuate substantially and may be lower than the price at which you purchase such securities. This may be especially true for companies like ours with a small public float. The trading price of our securities may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations due to a variety of factors, including:

•the success of competitive services or technologies;

•developments related to our existing or any future collaborations;

•regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;

•developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;

•the recruitment or departure of key personnel;

•actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts;

•variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

•general economic, industry and market conditions; and

•the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock regardless of our operating performance.

Future resales of our common stock may cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreements (as defined below), the Sponsor and the KORE stockholders party thereto were contractually restricted from selling or transferring any of its shares of our common stock (the “Lock-up Shares”), other than (i) any transfer to an affiliate of a holder, (ii) distribution to profit interest holders or other equity holders in such holder or (iii) as a pledge in a bona fide transaction to third parties as collateral to secure obligations under lending arrangements with third parties. Such restrictions ended on September 30, 2022, twelve months after the Closing. However, following the expiration of the lockup, the Sponsor and the KORE equity holders party to the Investor Rights Agreement are not restricted from selling shares of our common stock held by them, other than by applicable securities laws.

As restrictions on resale end, the sale or possibility of sale of these shares could have the effect of increasing the volatility in our share price or the market price of our common stock could decline if the holders of currently restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. In addition, we may issue additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities without the approval of investors, which would reduce investors’ proportionate ownership interests and may depress the market price of our common stock.

Reports published by analysts, including projections in those reports that differ from our actual results, could adversely affect the price and trading volume of our common stock.

Securities research analysts may establish and publish their own periodic projections for us. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Our share price may decline if its actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports and downgrades our stock or publishes

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inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, our securities price or trading volume could decline.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of the NYSE.

Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE. If the NYSE delists our common stock from trading on its exchange for any reason, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

•a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

•a determination that our common stock is a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our common stock;

•a limited amount of analyst coverage; and

•a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our corporate headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia and consists of approximately 16,403 square feet of office space. During 2022 our Rochester facility was moved and expanded approximately 10,000 square feet located in Pittsford, New York. Acquisition of BMP and Simon IOT added approximately 10,000 square feet in Westbury, New York. Our Pittsford and Ulestraten facilities are ISO-9001/13485 certified. In addition, Pittsford facility holds a FDA Facilities Registration, and is HIPAA compliant. We believe that our existing properties are in good condition and are sufficient and suitable for the conduct of its business in the foreseeable future. To the extent its needs change as its business grows, we expect that additional space and facilities will be available. All the aforementioned properties are leased.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we are involved in litigation arising out of the ordinary course of our business. There are no material legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, to which we or any of our subsidiaries are a party or of which we or our subsidiaries’ property is subject.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information for Common Equity

Our common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “KORE” since October 1, 2021. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock.

Holders of Record

As of April 5, 2023, there were approximately 76.5 million shares of our common stock outstanding and 8.9 million warrants to purchase our common stock outstanding, with 68 and 2 holders of record of our common stock and warrants, respectively. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in “street name” accounts by brokers and other nominees.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenue and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of our board of directors. Our ability to declare dividends may be limited by the terms of financing or other agreements entered into by us or our subsidiaries from time to time.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

(a) Sales of Unregistered Securities

The information required has been previously disclosed in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2021, filed with the SEC on November 16, 2021, and on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 6, 2021.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of KORE Group Holdings, Inc. should be read together with our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021. A detailed discussion comparing our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020 are not included in this Form 10-K, and can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors”. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to “the Company” “KORE,” “us,” “our” or “we” refer to Maple Holdings, Inc. prior to the Business Combination, and to KORE Group Holdings, Inc. following the consummation of the Business Combination on September 30, 2021.

Overview and 2022 Highlights

•We ended 2022 with $34.6 million in cash compared to $86.0 million at the end of 2021. During the year, we generated $16.4 million from operating activities as compared to $14.8 million used in 2021.

•Due to improvements in cash generated by operating activities in 2022, we did not draw on its revolving credit facility. During 2021, we drew and repaid $25.0 million of its revolving credit facility.

•The acquisition of strategically aligned Business Mobility Partners and Simon IoT expanded our capabilities in the rapidly growing Life Sciences space.

•Launched KORE connected hub for Connected Health that streamlines integration of medical devices and sensors furthering our Connected Health telemetry solutions.

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•Launched Pro AI, the first “plug-and-play” camera, to the integrated in-vehicle video platform. Pro AI has been well received by customers, and we expect this innovative product to drive sales of its video telematics solution.

•We announced a multi-year alliance with Google Cloud to offer IoT capabilities to global businesses, simplifying the complexities of IoT deployment while leveraging Google Cloud infrastructure and our IoT Solutions. The partnership aims to bring a range of value-added features to customers and expand new paths to market for industries such as healthcare, logistics, and retail/communications service providers.

•We are the only independent IoT Connectivity provider to be named a leader in Managed IoT Connectivity by Gartner in the 2022 Magic Quadrant report for the third consecutive year. We were also listed as a leader by IDC MarketScape, highlighting the breadth and scale of our solutions.

•We were named a 2022 Global Competitive Strategy Leader in the Internet of Things Professional Services Industry by research and consulting firm Frost & Sullivan.

•We were added as a member of the broad-market Russell 3000® Index.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We derive revenue from:

-Services: IoT Connectivity services and IoT Solutions services.

-Products: SIMs (IoT Connectivity) and IoT devices (IoT Solutions).

We view our business as being constituted of two services lines: IoT Connectivity and IoT Solutions.

The fees for IoT Connectivity generally consist of a monthly subscription fee and additional data usage fees that are part of a bundled solution which enable other Providers and Enterprise customers to complete their platform for solutions to provide IoT Connectivity. IoT Connectivity also includes charges for each subscriber identity module (SIMs) sold to a customer.

In IoT Solutions, we derive revenue from IoT device management services, location-based software services and IoT security software services. Fees charged for device management services include the cost of the underlying IoT device and the cost of deploying and managing such devices. Fees charged for device management services are generally billed on a fee per deployed IoT device basis which depends on the scope of the underlying services and the IoT device being deployed. Location based software services and IoT security software services are charged on a per-subscriber basis.

Costs and Expenses

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of costs associated with IoT Connectivity and those associated with IoT Solutions. IoT Connectivity costs include carrier costs, network operations, technology licenses, and other costs such as shipping a SIM. IoT Solution costs include the cost of devices, shipping costs, warehouse lease and related facilities expenses, and personnel costs. Total cost of revenue excludes depreciation and amortization.

Operating expenses

We incur expenses associated with sales, marketing, customer support, and administrative activities related to the operation of our business, which are generally included as part of selling, general and administrative expenses. We also incur significant charges for depreciation and amortization of our intangible assets (including intangible assets we acquired or developed), other acquired intellectual property, as well as our fixed assets which support the deployment of our IoT Connectivity services and IoT Solutions services. We also incur engineering expenses developing and supporting the operation of our communications systems and the early stage engineering work on new products and services that are not yet determined to be technologically feasible.

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Key Metrics

We review a number of metrics to measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, prepare financial projections, and make strategic decisions. The calculation of the key metrics and other measures discussed below may differ from other similarly titled metrics used by other companies, securities analysts, or investors.

Number of Connections

Total connections constitute the total of all KORE IoT Connectivity services connections, including both CaaS and CEaaS connections, but excluding certain connections where mobile carriers license our subscription management platform from us. Total connections include the contribution of eSIMs and is the principal measure used by management to assess the performance of the business on a periodic basis.

DBNER

DBNER (Dollar Based Net Expansion Rate) tracks the combined effect of cross-sales of IoT Solutions to our existing customers, its customer retention and the growth of its existing business. We calculate DBNER by dividing the revenue for a given period (“given period”) from existing go-forward customers by the revenue from the same customers for the same period measured one year prior (“base period”).

The revenue included in the current period excludes revenue from (i) customers that have either communicated to us before the last day of the current period their intention not to provide future business to us or customers that we have determined are transitioning away from us based on a sustained multi-year time period of declines in revenue and (ii) new customers that started generating revenue after the end of the base period. For example, to calculate our DBNER for the trailing 12 months ended December 31, 2022, we divide (i) revenue, for the trailing 12 months ended December 31, 2022, from go-forward customers that started generating revenue on or before December 31, 2021 by (ii) revenue, for the trailing 12 months ended December 31, 2021, from the same cohort of customers. For the purposes of calculating DBNER, if we acquire a company during the given period or the base period, then the revenue of a customer before the acquisition but during either the given period or the base period is included in the calculation. Further, it is often difficult to ascertain which customers should be deemed not to be go-forward customers for purposes of calculating DBNER. Customers are not required to give notice of their intention to transition off of the KORE platform, and as discussed above in “Information about KORE—Customer and Key Partners”, a customer’s exit from the KORE platform can take months or longer, and total connections of any particular customer can at any time increase or decrease for any number of reasons, including pricing, customer satisfaction or product fit – accordingly, a decrease in total connections may not indicate that a customer is intending to exit the KORE platform, particularly if that decrease is not sustained over a period of several quarters. DBNER would be lower if it were calculated using revenue from customers not planning on subscribing in the future.

As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, DBNER excludes approximately 0.3 million and 0.6 million connections, respectively, from non-go-forward customers, in each case, the vast majority of which are connections from Non-Core Customers.

We define “Non-Core Customers” to be customers that management has judged to be lost as a result of the integration of Raco, Wyless and other acquisitions completed during in the 2014-2017 period, but which continue to have some connections (and account for some revenue) each year with us. Non-Core Customers are a subset of customers not planning on subscribing in the future.

DBNER is used by management as a measure of growth at our existing customers (i.e., “same store” growth). It is not intended to capture the effect of either new customer wins or the declines from non-go-forward customers on our total revenue growth. This is because DBNER excludes new customers who started generating revenue after the base period, and also excludes any customers which are non-go-forward customers on the last day of the current period. Revenue increases from new customer wins, and a decline in revenue from non-go-forward customers are also important factors in assessing our revenue growth, but these factors are independent of DBNER.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, our DBNER was 92% compared to 122% in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. Most of the decline is coming from our largest customer and the conclusion of their significant LTE transition project in early 2022.

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TCV

Total Contract Value (TCV) represents our estimated value of a revenue opportunity. TCV for an IoT Connectivity opportunity is calculated by multiplying by forty the estimated revenue expected to be generated during the twelfth month of production. TCV for an IoT Solutions opportunity is either the actual total expected revenue opportunity, or if it is a longer-term "programmatically recurring revenue" program, calculated for the first 36 months of the delivery period.

As of December 31, 2022, our sales funnel, which we define as opportunities our sales team is actively pursuing, included over 1,400 opportunities with an estimated potential TCV of over $434 million.

Results of Operations for the Years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021

Revenue


	Years Ended				Change 2022
(in thousands USD)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		$		%
Services	$	188,985	$	188,180	$	805	—	%
Products	79,462		60,255		19,207		32	%
Total Revenue	$	268,447	$	248,435	$	20,012	8	%

Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased by $20.0 million, or 8%, to $268.4 million from $248.4 million in 2021.

Services revenue growth of $0.8 million was driven by organic growth from existing customers and $8.5 million from the BMP Acquisition. These increases were partially offset by revenue decreases from Non-Core Customers, declines in deployment revenue, mainly from our largest customer upon the conclusion of their significant LTE transition project in early 2022 and the migration of customers from 2G and 3G technologies to LTE cellular technologies. The rate plans under LTE platforms are typically lower in price than legacy 2G and 3G rate plans. Therefore, the migration resulted in lower revenue per unit connection.

Products revenue growth of $19.2 million was driven primarily by an increase in the number of devices we deployed related to our IoT Solutions. This included revenue of $37.6 million from the BMP Acquisition, which was partially offset by a decrease in revenue from existing IoT Solutions customers. Much of this decline came from our largest customer and the conclusion of their significant LTE transition project in early 2022.

The table below presents how management views our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, together with the percentage of total revenue represented by each revenue category:


	Years Ended				Change 2022
(in thousands USD)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		$		%
IoT Connectivity	$	175,942	$	169,022	$	6,920	4	%
IoT Solutions	92,505		79,413		13,092		16	%
Total Revenue	$	268,447	$	248,435	$	20,012	8	%

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	Years Ended
(in millions)	December 31, 2022	December 31, 2021
Period End Connections	15.0	14.6
Average Connections Count for the Period	15.2	13.4

Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased by $20.0 million, or 8%, to $268.4 million from $248.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

IoT Connectivity growth of $6.9 million, which includes SIM revenue, was driven by the organic growth of our existing IoT customers as well as $8.3 million from the BMP Acquisition. These increases were offset by a decrease in revenue from Non-Core Customers as well as the migration of customers from 2G and 3G technologies to LTE cellular technologies. The rate plans under LTE platforms are typically lower in price than legacy 2G and 3G rate plans. Therefore, the migration resulted in lower revenue per connection.

We grew our total number of connections from 14.6 million on December 31, 2021, to 15.0 million on December 31, 2022. The 0.4 million increase in the total number of connections is net of approximately 1.2 million connections that were forced to churn due to the 2G/3G sunsets in the United States. Approximately 0.2 million of these connections were forced to churn on the last day of 2022 when these sunset’s for the most part were completed by the end of 2022.

IoT Solutions’ growth of $13.1 million included revenue of $37.5 million from the BMP Acquisition, which was offset by a decline in revenue from existing IoT Solutions customers. Much of this decline came from our largest customer and the conclusion of their significant LTE transition projected in early 2022.

Costs of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization, and gross margins


	Years Ended				Change 2022
(in thousands USD)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		$		%
Cost of services	$	67,268	$	69,385	$	(2,117)	(3)	%
Cost of products	61,886		51,975		9,911		19	%
Total cost of revenue	$	129,154	$	121,360	$	7,794	6	%


	Years Ended
Gross margin rate	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Services	64.4	%	63.1	%
Products	22.1	%	13.7	%
Total gross margins	51.9	%	51.2	%

Total cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased $7.8 million, or 6%, to $129.2 million from $121.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cost of services decreased by $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This included an increase in carrier costs of $3.6 million from the BMP Acquisition which was more than offset by decreases in carrier costs associated with existing IoT Connectivity revenue and deployment costs as a result of lower deployment revenue.

During fiscal 2022, the gross margin percentage of our services business increased 130 basis points compared to the same period in fiscal 2021. The increase was due to continued improved optimization of our carrier costs.

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Cost of products increased by $9.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This included an increase of $24.4 million from the BMP Acquisition which was partially offset by a decrease in the costs of devices associated with lower sales volume from existing IoT Solutions customers.

During fiscal 2022, the gross margin percentage of our products business increased 840 basis points compared to the same period in fiscal 2021. The increase was mainly due to lower volumes from our largest customer’s LTE transition project in fiscal 2022 which came with lower hardware margins.

The table below presents how management views our costs of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, exclusive of depreciation and amortization:


	Years Ended				Change 2022
(in thousands USD)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		$		%
Cost of IoT Connectivity	$	63,051	$	65,703	$	(2,652)	(4)	%
Cost of IoT Solutions	66,103		55,657		10,446		19	%
Total cost of revenue	$	129,154	$	121,360	$	7,794	6	%


	Years Ended
Gross margin rate	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
IoT Connectivity	64.2	%	61.1	%
IoT Solutions	28.5	%	29.9	%
Total gross margins	51.9	%	51.2	%

Total cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased $7.8 million, or 6%, to $129.2 million from $121.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cost of IoT Connectivity decreased by $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This included an increase in carrier costs of $3.7 million from the BMP Acquisition which was more than offset by decreases in existing carrier costs associated with existing IoT Connectivity revenue.

During fiscal 2022, the gross margin percentage of IoT Connectivity increased 310 basis points compared to the same period in fiscal 2021.The increase in gross margin was due to continued improved optimization of our carrier costs.

Cost of IoT Solutions increased by $10.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This included an increase of $24.3 million from the BMP Acquisition which was partially offset by decreases in costs associated with lower IoT Solutions revenue from existing customers.

In fiscal 2022, the gross margin percentage of IoT Solutions declined 140 basis points as compared to the same period last year. The decline was mainly due to a greater mix of hardware revenue.

Selling, general and administrative expenses


	Years Ended				Change 2022
(in thousands USD)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		$		%
Selling, general, and administrative	$	112,220	$	92,303	$	19,917	22	%

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses relate primarily to expenses for general management, sales and marketing, finance, audit and legal fees and general operating expenses. The increase in SG&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily driven by salaries and benefits,

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contractor costs, travel related costs, professional services fees, stock-based compensation, Directors' and Officers' insurance, channel commissions, and internal IT and software license related expenses.

Depreciation and amortization


	Years Ended				Change 2022
(in thousands USD)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		$		%
Depreciation and amortization	$	54,499	$	50,331	$	4,168	8	%

The increase in depreciation and amortization expense was mainly due to the amortization of acquired intangibles from the BMP acquisition.

Goodwill Impairment Charge


	Years Ended				Change 2022
(in thousands USD)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		$		%
Goodwill impairment	$	58,074	$	—	$	58,074	100	%

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company identified circumstances subsequent to the annual goodwill test that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit (the entity) below its carrying value. These impairment indicators included increased interest rates impacting our weighted average cost of capital, an increase in the Company's specific risk premium, an increase in debt free net working capital needs and a sustained declining in the Company's share price from the three quarter. Our share price dropped significantly from the third quarter of 2022. Given the results of this analysis, we proceeded to perform a goodwill impairment test and determined that the carrying value of our reporting unit exceeded its estimated fair value. Consequently, we recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $58.1 million in the fourth quarter. This charge does not affect our liquidity or debt covenants.

Other (income) expense


	Years Ended				Change 2022
(in thousands USD )	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		$		%
Interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs, net	$	31,371	$	23,260	$	8,111	35	%
Change in fair value of warrant liability	(254)		(5,267)		5,013		(95)	%
Total Other (Income) Expense	$	31,117	$	17,993	$	13,124	73	%

The increase in other expenses was primarily due to an increase in interest expenses due to higher interest rates and a decrease in income related to the change in fair value of our warrant liability.

Income tax benefit


	Years Ended		Change 2022
(in thousands USD)	December 31, 2022	December 31, 2021	$	%
Income tax benefit	$(10,417)	$(8,776)	$(1,641)	19%

The increase to the income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily due to an increase in pre-tax losses and other permanent differences in our

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foreign jurisdictions partially offset by increases in valuation allowances and increases in taxes due to the permanent disallowance of a portion of the goodwill impairment expense.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our liquidity requirements arise from our working capital needs, our obligations to make scheduled payments of interest on our indebtedness and our need to fund capital expenditures to support our current operations and to facilitate growth and expansion including future acquisitions. We have financed our operations and expansion with a combination of debt and equity.

On December 31, 2022, we had total equity of $180.7 million, net of an accumulated deficit of $248.2 million. Our primary sources of liquidity consist of cash totaling $34.6 million and a Revolving Credit Facility of $30.0 million of which the full $30.0 million was available for use for working capital and general business purposes. We believe this will be sufficient to provide working capital, make interest payments and make capital expenditures to support operations and facilitate growth and expansion for the next twelve months.

Our ability to pay dividends on our common stock is limited by restrictions under the terms of the agreements governing our indebtedness. Subject to the full terms and conditions under the agreements governing our indebtedness, we may be permitted to make dividends and distributions under such agreements if there is no event of default and certain pro-forma financial ratios (as defined by such agreements) are met.

Cash flows from operating activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, cash provided by operating activities was $16.4 million. Our operating cash flows improved primarily due to decreases in accounts receivable and inventories, of $9.0 million and $6.5 million, respectively. Accounts receivable decreased due to improved collections of outstanding receivables from customers and inventory decreased due to the conclusion of our largest customer’s LTE transition project. Cash paid for interest increased by $9.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 due to higher interest rates.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, cash used in operating activities was $14.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021, our operating cash flows decreased primarily due to increases in accounts receivable and inventories, of $12.1 million and $9.9 million, respectively. These increases were to support the growth of the business, which included a significant investment in inventory for our largest customer’s LTE transition project. Additionally, $8.2 million of payments were made to reduce our outstanding vendor payables.

Cash flows from investing activities

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily for a cash payment of $46.0 million for the BMP Acquisition. In addition, investments in capital expenditures related to technology equipment, software licenses, and internally developed software resulted in increased cash outflows.

Cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2021, was $13.4 million, resulting primarily from capital expenditures during the period related to technology equipment, software licenses, and internally developed software.

Cash flows from financing activities

Cash used in financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022, was $4.7 million, resulting primarily from a repayment of $3.2 million of long-term debt.

Cash provided by our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2021, was $104.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021, our financing cash flows increased primarily due to the net proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $224.0 million, the receipt of approximately $119.6 million proceeds from the Backstop Notes (net of issuance costs). These cash inflows were partially offset by the $229.9 million settlement of preferred stock, the $3.2 million repayment of long-term debt and repayment of related party notes of $1.5 million, and payment of capital lease obligations of $0.8 million.

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Future Liquidity and Capital Resource Requirements

We believe that our existing cash along with expected cash flows from operating activities and additional funds available under our Revolving Credit Facility, will be sufficient over the next 12 months to provide working capital, cover interest payments on our debt facilities and fund growth initiatives, and capital expenditures.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $29.0 million of purchase commitments for the 2023 fiscal year. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, the Company had $3.2 million of scheduled principal payments relating to the UBS term loan for the remainder of the 2023 fiscal year. The Company’s compliance with the term loan from UBS is measured partially based on consolidated adjusted EBITDA.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $19.6 million of purchase commitments for the fiscal years 2024 through 2027 and thereafter. We also have scheduled principal payments relating to the UBS term loan of $2.4 million due in the first three quarters of 2024, with all outstanding principal due on December 24, 2024. Further, we have semi-annual interest payments due on $120 million related to the Backstop Notes. All outstanding principal on the Backstop Notes are due in full in 2028.

From 2023 to 2027, we expect to fund supplier and carrier-related purchase and lease commitments (all of which are costs of operating the business) entirely from cash inflows from our customers. We currently expect that the excess cash flows after paying the above-mentioned contractual commitments, as well as other costs of business, such as payroll, costs incurred on suppliers and carrier spend (which is not currently committed contractually in addition to the committed spend), interest and taxes, will be sufficient to meet outstanding debt principal payments in 2023 and 2024.

Our available cash together with our results of operations, are expected to be sufficient to meet our operating expenses, debt service payments, capital requirements and other obligations for at least the next 12 months. However, to increase available liquidity or to fund acquisitions or other strategic activities, we may seek additional financing. We have no commitments for any additional financing and have no lines of credit or similar sources of financing, other than the borrowings available under the Credit Facilities, and the Bank Overdraft Facility. We cannot be sure that we can obtain additional financing on favorable terms, if at all, through the issuance of equity securities or the incurrence of additional debt. Additional equity financing may dilute our stockholders, and debt financing, if available, may restrict our ability to repurchase common stock or debt, declare and pay dividends, raise future capital and make acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain additional needed financing, it may prohibit us from refinancing existing indebtedness and making acquisitions, capital expenditures and/or investments, which could materially and adversely affect our business. We may need additional capital to fund future mergers & acquisitions.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results being determined in accordance with GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP measures are useful in evaluating our operational performance. We use the following non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors in assessing our operating performance. Non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and may be different from similarly-titled non-GAAP measures used by other companies.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

“EBITDA” is defined as net income (loss) before interest expense, income tax expense or benefit, and depreciation and amortization. “Adjusted EBITDA” is defined as EBITDA adjusted for unusual and other significant items that management views as distorting the operating results from period to period. Such adjustments may include asset impairment losses, stock-based compensation, integration and acquisition-related charges, tangible and intangible asset impairment charges, certain contingent liability reversals, transformation, and foreign currency transaction gains and losses. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are intended as supplemental measures of our performance that are neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, GAAP. We believe that the use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provides an additional tool for investors to use in evaluating ongoing operating results and trends and in comparing our financial measures with those of comparable companies, which may present similar non-GAAP financial measures to investors. However, you should be aware that when evaluating EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA we may incur future expenses similar to those excluded when calculating these measures. In addition, our presentation of these measures should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be

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comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies, because all companies may not calculate Adjusted EBITDA in the same fashion.

Because of these limitations, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA on a supplemental basis. You should review the reconciliation of net loss to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA below and not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

The following table reconciles net loss to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the periods shown:


	Years Ended
(in thousands USD)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Net loss	$	(106,200)	$	(24,776)
Income tax benefit	(10,417)		(8,776)
Interest expense	31,371		23,260
Depreciation and amortization	54,499		50,331
EBITDA	(30,747)		40,039
Goodwill Impairment Loss	58,074		—
Change in Fair value of warrant liability (non-cash)	(254)		(5,267)
Transformation expenses	8,302		8,937
Acquisition and integration-related restructuring costs	16,214		11,287
Stock-based compensation (non-cash)	10,296		4,564
Foreign currency loss (non-cash)	4		344
Other	946		1,025
Adjusted EBITDA	$	62,835	$	60,929

Transformation expenses are related to the implementation of our strategic transformation plan, which include the costs of a re-write of our core technology platform, expenses incurred to design certain new IoT Solutions and “go-to-market” capabilities. These expenses are expected to be completed in 2023.

Acquisition and integration-related restructuring costs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are costs associated with legal, accounting diligence, quality of earnings, valuation and search expenses related to an acquisition or acquisitions. In 2021, they included the Integron acquisition and in 2022 they included the BMP Acquisition. In addition to the costs associated with the acquisitions are costs related to the integration of these acquisitions. They include but are not restricted to professional service costs related to ERP and related systems integrations and migrations, data migration, and finance process integrations. They also include any identified duplicative costs that will eventually be eliminated or expected to be eliminated in the next 12 months from the acquisition date. Finally, these costs also include discrete costs related to employee severance or retention bonuses attributed to acquisitions or building the current senior management team. In both 2021 and 2022, additional incremental legal and finance costs related to the preparation of our going public or initial setup of our SOX program were also included.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Cash is a financial instrument that is potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk. Our cash is deposited in accounts at large financial institutions, and amounts may exceed federally insured limits. We believe it is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial strength of the depository institutions in which the cash is held.

We have a total of $29.0 million of purchase commitments payable that are not recorded as liabilities on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. We have no other financial instruments or commitments with off-balance-sheet risk of loss.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our results of operations, liquidity and capital resources are based on our consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in conformity with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.

Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.

While our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, we believe that the following accounting policies are most critical to understanding our financial condition and historical and future results of operations:

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue primarily from IoT Connectivity and IoT Solutions. IoT Connectivity arrangements provide customers with secure and reliable wireless connectivity to mobile and fixed devices through various mobile network carriers. Revenue from IoT Connectivity consists of monthly recurring charges MRCs and overage/usage charges, and contracts are generally short-term in nature (i.e., month-to-month arrangements). Customers generally may cancel with 30 days’ notice without substantive cost or fees. Revenue for MRCs and overage/usage charges are recognized over time as we satisfy the performance obligation (generally starting when an enrolled device is activated on our platform). MRCs are billed monthly in advance (generally in the last week of a month); any amounts billed for which the service has not been provided as of the balance sheet dates are reported as a contract liability and components of deferred revenue. Overage/usage charges are billed in arrears on a monthly cycle. Overage/usage charges are evaluated on a monthly basis, and any overage/usage charges determined by management as unlikely to be collected due to a customer disputing the charge or due to a concession are reserved. Reserved items are written off when deemed uncollectible or recognized as revenue if collected. Certain IoT Connectivity customers also have the option to purchase products and/or equipment (e.g., subscriber identification module or “SIM” cards, routers, phones, or tablets) from us on an as needed basis. Sales of products IoT Connectivity customers are recognized when control is transferred to the customer, which is typically upon shipment of the product.

IoT Solutions arrangements include device solutions (including connectivity), deployment services, and/or technology-related professional services. We evaluate each IoT Solutions arrangement to determine the contract for accounting purposes. For arrangements with multiple performance obligations, which represent promises within an arrangement that are distinct, the Company allocates revenue to all distinct performance obligations based on their relative stand-alone selling price ("SSPs"). When available, the Company uses observable prices to determine SSPs. When observable prices are not available, SSPs are established that reflect the Company's best estimates of what the selling price of the performance obligations would be if they were sold regularly on a stand-alone basis. The Company's process for estimating SSPs without observable prices consider multiple factors that may vary depending upon the unique facts and circumstances related to each performance obligation including, where applicable, prices charged by the Company for similar offerings, market trends in the pricing for similar offerings, product-specific business objectives and the estimated cost to provide the performance obligation. Hardware, deployment services, and connectivity services generally have readily observable prices. The standalone selling price of our warehouse management services (which is associated with our bill-and-hold inventory and determined to be immaterial as discussed below) was determined using a cost-plus-margin approach with the primary assumptions including Company profit objectives, internal cost structure, and current market trends. Device and other hardware sales in IoT Solutions arrangements are generally accounted for as separate contracts since the customer is not obligated to purchase additional services when committing to the purchase of any products. Such sales are typically recognized upon shipment to the customer. However, in certain contracts, the customer has requested us to hold the products ordered for later shipment to the customer’s remote location or to the customer’s end user as a part of a vendor managed inventory model. In these situations, we have concluded that transfer of control to the customer occurs prior to shipment. In these “bill-and-hold” arrangements, the right to invoice, transfer of legal title and transfer of the risk and rewards associated with the products occurs when we receive the hardware from a third-party vendor and have deemed it to be functional. Additionally, the products are identified both physically and systematically as belonging to a specific customer, are usable by the customer, and are only shipped, used, or disposed as directed by the specific customer. Based

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on these factors, we recognize revenue on bill-and-hold hardware when the hardware is received by us and deemed functional.

Deployment services consist of us preparing hardware owned by a customer for use by a customer’s end user. Deployment and connectivity may both be included within a single IoT Solutions contract and are considered separate performance obligations. While consideration for deployment services is generally fixed when ordered by the client, consideration for connectivity services is variable and solely related to the connectivity services. Therefore, the fixed consideration is allocated to the deployment services and is recognized as revenue when the services are provided (i.e., when the related hardware is shipped to the customer). Connectivity within IoT Solutions contracts are recognized similar to the IoT Connectivity as described above, since such contracts are generally short term in nature and variability is resolved each month as the services are provided.

Professional services are generally provided over a contract term of one to two months. Revenue is recognized over time on an input method basis (typically, based on hours completed to date and an estimate of total hours to complete the project).

Internal Use Software

Certain costs of platform and software applications developed for internal use are capitalized as intangible assets. Capitalization of costs begins when two criteria are met: (i) the preliminary project stage is completed (i.e., application development stage) and (ii) it is probable that the software will be completed and used for its intended function. We also capitalize costs related to specific upgrades and enhancements when it is probable the expenditures will result in additional functionality. Costs incurred for maintenance, minor upgrades and enhancements are recorded under selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations as incurred. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation operating activities are also recorded under selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations as incurred. We amortizes the capitalized costs on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset. The average useful life for capitalized internal use computer software is between 3-5 years. Capitalized internal use computer software, net of accumulated amortization, was $30.2 million and $25.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and was included in intangible assets.

Accounting for Business Combinations

We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at their respective fair values on the date of acquisition. We assign fair value of the consideration paid to the underlying net assets of the acquired business based on their respective fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded to goodwill. Intangible assets are amortized over the expected life of the asset. We recognize acquisition-related expenses and restructuring costs separately from the business combination and expense as incurred. All changes in accounting for deferred tax asset valuation allowances and acquired income tax uncertainties after the measurement period are recognized as a component of provision for income taxes. We make significant assumptions and estimates in determining the preliminary estimated purchase price and the preliminary allocation of the estimated purchase in the consolidated financial statements. These preliminary estimates and assumptions are subject to change as we finalize the valuations. The final valuations may change significantly from the preliminary estimates. Fair value determinations and useful life estimates are based on, among other factors, estimates of expected future cash flows from revenue of the intangible assets acquired, estimates of appropriate discount rates used to calculate the present value of expected future cash flows, estimated useful lives of the intangible assets acquired, customer attrition rates, future changes in technology and brand awareness, and other factors. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based, in part, on historical experience, information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and future expectations. For these and other reasons, actual results may vary significantly from estimated results. During the preliminary purchase price measurement period, which may be up to one year from the business combination date, we will record adjustments to the provisional amounts recognized at the acquisition date to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, with a corresponding offset to goodwill. After the preliminary purchase price measurement period, we will record adjustments to assets acquired or liabilities assumed subsequent to the purchase price measurement period in our operating results in the period in which the adjustments were determined.

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized but tested for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested for impairment at

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the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment, or one level below the operating segment. We operate in one operating segment, which is our only reporting unit.

We test for an indication of goodwill impairment on October 1st of each year or when indicators of impairment exist. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. We perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting units is less than its carrying amount. Qualitative factors that we consider include macroeconomics conditions such as geographical location and fluctuations in foreign exchange, industry and market conditions, financial performance, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, unanticipated competition, entity-specific events and share price trends. If, based on the qualitative assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a quantitative test is performed and an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the reporting unit, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit

During the year, we experienced a decline in our stock price and market capitalization that represented an indicator of impairment as the observed declines were substantial and sustained. Increasing interest rates also impacted the Company’s weighted cost of capital, the company specific risk premium, and its debt-free net working capital needs, of which all attributed to additional indicators of impairment. As such, we performed qualitative and quantitative goodwill impairment tests during the third and fourth quarters.

At the end of the fourth quarter, we concluded that the carrying value of our reporting unit exceeded its estimated fair value and recorded a goodwill impairment loss of $58.1 million. The fair value of goodwill was estimated by equally weighing the results of the income approach and the market approach. When performing the income approach, the projected financial information and discount rate were developed using market participant-based assumptions. The cash-flow projections were based on a 12-year financial forecast developed by management that included revenue projections, capital spending trends, and investment in working capital to support anticipated revenue growth, which are updated at least annually and reviewed by management. The selected discount rate considered the risk and nature of the respective cash flows, and the rates of return market participants would require investing their capital in our reporting unit. The key assumptions used in the impairment analysis included long term growth rate of 3.5% and revenue growth rate margins ranging from 5.6% to 23.7%, a discount rate of 20% and market factors such as earnings multiples from comparable publicly traded companies. Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions and factors. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates and assumptions made for the purposes of the impairment tests will prove to be an accurate prediction of the future.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted rates. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred taxes is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets.

A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred income tax assets to an amount, which in the opinion of management is more likely than not to be realized. We consider factors such as the cumulative income or loss in recent years; reversal of deferred tax liabilities; projected future taxable income exclusive of temporary differences; the character of the income tax asset, including income tax positions; tax planning strategies and the period over which we expect the deferred tax assets to be recovered in the determination of the valuation allowance. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates or we adjust our estimates in the future, we may need to adjust our valuation allowance, which could materially impact our financial position and results of operations.

We recognize the financial statement effect of an uncertain income tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely to be realized. We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. The evaluation of our uncertain tax positions involves significant judgment in the interpretation and application of GAAP and complex domestic and international tax laws, including the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and matters related to the allocation of international taxation rights between countries including intercompany transactions and

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obligations. Although management believes our reserves are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final outcome of these uncertainties will not be different from that which is reflected in our reserves. Reserves are adjusted considering changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax examination. Resolution of these uncertainties in a manner inconsistent with management’s expectations could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.

Recent accounting pronouncements

As an emerging growth company (“EGC”), the JOBS Act allows us to delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are applicable to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period under the JOBS Act until such time that we no longer considered to be an EGC.

See Note 2 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for more information about recent accounting pronouncements, the timing of their adoption, and our assessment, to the extent we have made one, of their potential impact on our financial condition and our results of operations.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to certain market risks in the ordinary course of business, including sensitivities as follows:

Interest Rate Risk

We are subject to risk from fluctuations in the interest rates related to our long-term debt. The interest rates are based upon the applicable Secure Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") rate plus an applicable margin for such loans or the lender’s base rate plus an applicable margin for such loans. Based on December 31, 2022 estimated SOFR rates, we estimate a 100 basis point change in the SOFR rate would have a $3.0 million impact on our interest expense on an annualized basis. Based on December 31, 2021 estimated LIBOR rates, we estimate a 100 basis point change in the LIBOR rate would have a $3.1 million impact on our interest expense on an annualized basis.

Exchange Rate Risk

Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, although we transact business in various foreign locations and currencies. The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is generally the local currency. As a result, their reported financial results could be significantly affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates upon translation to U.S. dollars. When the U.S. dollar strengthens against other currencies, the translated value of the foreign functional currency income and expense amounts results in lower net income (or higher net loss). When the U.S. dollar weakens, the translated value of the foreign functional currency income and expense amounts results in higher net income (or lower net loss). Our reported results are therefore adversely affected by a stronger U.S. dollar relative to major currencies worldwide when foreign operations are net profitable.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a net loss of $11.3 million from foreign operations with a functional currency other than the U.S dollar. Upon translation into U.S. dollars, such reported net loss would have increased or decreased, assuming a hypothetical 10% change in weighted-average foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar, by approximately $1.1 million.

Similarly, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a net loss of $5.3 million from foreign operations with a functional currency other than the U.S dollar. Upon translation into U.S. dollars, such reported net loss would have increased or decreased, assuming a hypothetical 10% change in weighted-average foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar, by approximately $0.5 million.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (BDO USA, LLP, Atlanta, Georgia, Auditor Firm ID# 243)			46

Consolidated Balance Sheets			47

Consolidated Statements of Operations			49

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss			50

Consolidated Statements of Temporary Equity and Stockholders’ Equity			51

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			52

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			53

Financial Statement Schedule			127

Schedule I – Parent Only Financial Information			127

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

KORE Group Holdings, Inc.

Atlanta, Georgia

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of KORE Group Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, temporary equity and stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes and schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Change in Accounting Principles

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2022, due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for cash conversion features from convertible instruments as of January 1, 2022, due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging— Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40).

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2019.

Atlanta, Georgia

April 7, 2023

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KORE Group Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands USD, except share and per share amounts)


	Years Ended
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets
Cash	$	34,645	$	85,976
Accounts receivable, net	44,538		51,615
Inventories, net	10,051		15,470
Income taxes receivable	502		934
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	13,484		7,363
Total current assets	103,220		161,358
Non-current assets
Restricted cash	362		367
Property and equipment, net	11,899		12,240
Intangibles assets, net	192,504		202,550
Goodwill	369,706		383,415
Operating lease right-of-use assets	10,019		—
Deferred tax assets	55		—
Other long-term assets	971		407
Total assets	$	688,736	$	760,337
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	17,835	$	16,004
Accrued liabilities	15,793		22,353
Income taxes payable	207		467
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	1,811		—
Deferred revenue	7,817		6,889
Current portion of long-term debt and other borrowings, net	5,345		3,326
Total current liabilities	48,808		49,039
Non-current liabilities
Deferred tax liabilities	25,248		37,925
Warrant liability	33		286
Long-term debt and other borrowings, net	413,910		399,115
Non-current portion of operating lease liabilities	9,275		—
Other long-term liabilities	10,790		6,450
Total liabilities	$	508,064	$	492,815

Commitments and contingencies (note 12)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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KORE Group Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets - Continued

(In thousands USD, except share and per share amounts)


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, voting; par value $0.0001 per share; 315,000,000 shares authorized, 76,292,241 and 72,027,743 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021	$	8	$	7
Additional paid-in capital	435,292		413,315
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(6,390)		(3,463)
Accumulated deficit	(248,238)		(142,337)
Total stockholders’ equity	180,672		267,522
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	688,736	$	760,337

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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KORE Group Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands USD, except share and per share amounts)


	Years Ended
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Revenue
Services	$	188,985	$	188,180
Products	79,462		60,255
Total revenue	268,447		248,435
Cost of revenue
Cost of services	67,268		69,385
Cost of products	61,886		51,975
Total cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)	129,154		121,360
Operating expenses
Selling, general and administrative	112,220		92,303
Depreciation and amortization	54,499		50,331
Goodwill impairment	58,074		—
Total operating expenses	224,793		142,634
Operating loss	(85,500)		(15,559)
Interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs, net	31,371		23,260
Change in fair value of warrant liability	(254)		(